1 ene 1954 año - CIa given role of intervening in the affairs of sovereign states

Descripción:

Even as the Cold War froze Europe, the rest of the global map changed rapidly. New nations were emerging across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, often as the culmination of decades-long anticolonial movements. Between 1947 and 1962, the British, French, Dutch, and Belgian empires largely disintegrated in a momentous collapse of European global power. During the war years, FDR had supported the idea of national self-determination, often to the fury of his British and French allies. He saw emerging democracies as future partners in an American-led, free-market world system. But colonial revolts produced many independent- or socialist-minded regimes in the so-called Third World, as well. Third World was a term that came into usage after World War II to describe developing or former colonial nations in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East that were not aligned with the Western capitalist countries led by the United States or the socialist states of Eastern Europe led by the Soviet Union. Though used throughout the Cold War, the term “Third World” has declined in usage in recent years in favor of terms like “postcolonial” or “Global South,” since so many of these nations are in the southern hemisphere (see “Comparing Interpretations”).

Wanting every nation to choose a side in the Cold War, the United States drew as many countries as possible into collective security agreements, with the NATO alliance as a model. Secretary of State Dulles orchestrated the 1954 creation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), which linked the United States and its major European allies with Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand. An extensive system of these defense alliances eventually tied the United States to more than forty other countries (Map 24.5). The United States also sponsored a strategically instrumental alliance between Iraq and Iran, on the southern flank of the Soviet Union.

The United States often invoked lofty rhetoric in its foreign policy, but in practice proved more interested in stability than democratic ideals. The Truman and Eisenhower administrations tended to support overtly anticommunist governments, no matter how repressive. Some of America’s staunchest allies — the Philippines, South Korea, Iran, Cuba, South Vietnam, and Nicaragua — were governed by dictatorships or right-wing regimes that lacked broad-based support. Moreover, secretary of state Dulles often resorted to secret operations against governments that, in his opinion, were too closely aligned with the Soviets.

The advent of the Cold War led to a major shift in American foreign policy — the signing of mutual defense treaties. Dating back to George Washington’s call “to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world,” the United States had avoided treaty obligations that entailed the defense of other nations. As late as 1919, the U.S. Senate had rejected the principle of “collective security,” the centerpiece of the League of Nations established by the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. But after World War II, in response to fears of Soviet global expansion, the United States entered defense alliances with much of the non-Communist world.

For such clandestine work, Dulles turned to the new Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), created in 1947 and run by his brother, Allen Dulles. When Mohammad Mossadegh, the democratically elected premier of Iran, nationalized British-owned oil properties with the approval of the Iranian parliament in 1951, CIA and British agents developed a covert plan to depose him. Through Operation Ajax in 1953, those agents orchestrated Mossadegh’s ouster and reinstalled Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as shah of Iran, the ancient Persian title of king. Opposition to the coup and the subsequent decades of U.S. support for the shah fueled Iranian nationalism and anti-Americanism, which would eventually spark the 1979 Iranian Revolution (see “The Carter Presidency” in Chapter 29). In 1954, the CIA also engineered a coup in Guatemala against the democratically elected president, Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, who had seized land from the American-owned United Fruit Company. Arbenz Guzmán offered to pay United Fruit the declared value of the land, but the company rejected the overture and sought help from the U.S. government. Eisenhower specifically approved those CIA efforts and expanded the agency’s mandate from gathering intelligence to intervening in the affairs of sovereign states (see “Thinking Like a Historian”).

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