20 jul 1936 año - Montreux Convention

Descripción:

The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits is a 1936 agreement that gives Türkiye control over the Turkish Straits (the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits) and regulates the transit of naval warships.

The Convention guarantees the free passage of civilian vessels in peacetime, and restricts the passage of naval ships not belonging to Black Sea states. The terms of the Convention have been a source of controversy over the years, most notably about the Soviet Union's military access to the Mediterranean Sea.

Signed on 20 July 1936 at the Montreux Palace in Switzerland, the Convention permitted Türkiye to remilitarise the Straits. It went into effect on 9 November 1936 and was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 11 December 1936. It remains in force. (Nov 2023)

The Montreux Convention is significant because it gives Türkiye control over the water route between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. The convention allows Türkiye to close the straits to all warships in times of war and to permit merchant ships free passage.

Any country with coastline on the Black Sea, including Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, or Ukraine, must notify Türkiye eight days in advance of its intention to send vessels of war through the straits. Other countries, the ones that don’t border the Black Sea, must give Türkiye 15 days’ advance notice.

Only Black Sea nations may send submarines through the straits, only with prior notice and only if the vessels are constructed or purchased outside the Black Sea. Only nine warships are allowed to pass through the straits at any one time, and there are limits on how big the ships can be, both individually and as a group. No group of ships may exceed 15,000 metric tons.

The proposed 21st-century Kanal Istanbul project may be a possible bypass to the Montreux Convention and allow greater Turkish autonomy with respect to the passage of military ships (which are limited in number, tonnage, and weaponry) from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara.

Kanal Istanbul is a proposed artificial sea-level waterway that would connect the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, and thus to the Aegean and Mediterranean seas.
The canal would be 45 km long and would run parallel to the Bosporus strait, which already cuts through the centre of Istanbul.
The project was first proposed by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in 2011 and has been in the planning stages since then.

The canal aims to minimize shipping traffic in the Bosporus and is projected to have a capacity of 160 vessel transits a day, similar to the current volume of traffic through the Bosporus, where traffic congestion leaves ships queuing for days to transit the strait.

The project also includes the construction of ports, logistic centres, and artificial islands to be integrated with the canal, as well as the construction of new earthquake-resistant residential areas along the channel.

The financing of the canal is expected to be via a build-operate-transfer model, but could also be funded through public-private partnerships. The government is expecting to generate US$8 billion in revenue per year from Kanal Istanbul, thanks in part to a service fee for transits. Critics have questioned the financial viability of the project and raised concerns about its environmental impact.

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