16 jun 1966 año - Henry Beecher's "Ethics and Clinical Research"

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After multiple controversial papers and talks, Beecher published an explosive report in the New England Journal of Medicine. After much editing and narrowing down, he detailed 22 research studies by many prominent institutions that used patients in unethical ways. Patients experienced harm without benefit, the patients did not directly benefit from the experiments, there was a lack of consent, and withholding of treatment were a few of the ethical abuses. There was a backlash by researchers, but this article initiated a shift in bioethics and attention to an ethical code in medicine and research in the United States (Jones, 2016 ). Beecher fought for patients rights, informed consent, and purity in scientific research, setting the stage for future laws and review processes (Kopp, 1999).

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