r. Vladimir Putin (31 dez 1999 ano – 3 h 30 m, 24 out 2025 ano)

Descrição:

Vladimir Putin was elected president in 2000. He maintained relatively liberal economic policies but re-established semi-authoritarian political rule. His “imitation democracy” government maintained control with rigged elections, a weak parliament, intimidation of political opponents, and trading state-owned public assets for support from the elite. He secretly increased military spending and expanded the secret police. He clamped down on the excesses of the Oligarchs, lowered corporate and business taxes, and re-established some government control over key industries. The 2000s oversaw economic expansion until 2008. The economy collapsed, then stabilized by 2010.

Putin’s government used state powers to stifle dissent and cracked down on independent media. His regime is riddled with suspicious deaths of his opposition.

Putin generally championed assertive anti-Western policies in an attempt to bolster Russia’s status. He regularly challenged the policies of the U.S. and NATO. Russia was accused of interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the Brexit referendum, and the 2017 France presidential election.

Putin’s policies were quite popular. His housing, education, and health-care reforms significantly improved living standards. His chauvinism, manly image, and international diplomacy garnered support.

Putin encouraged the former Soviet republics to join the Commonwealth of Independent States, a loose confederation dominated by Russia that supposedly represented common interests. Popular protests and revolts challenged politicians and Russian interests. Georgia’s Rose Revolution, Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, and similar Color Revolutions in Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, and Moldova took steps toward democratization. Putin took an aggressive and often interventionist stance towards revolt. Repeated conflict with the tiny Muslim republic of Chechnya left thousands dead. Russia invaded Georgia, independent since 1991, in 2008 to support a separatist movement that eventually became an independent republic only recognized by Russia and a few others. Russia invaded Crimea in Ukraine after anti-Russian protests, and armed rebels took over Donetsk and declared a separatist, pro-Russian state. Ukraine was unable to push back or defeat the forces, and the U.S. and the EU placed economic sanctions on Russia.

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