r. Louis Napoleon/Napoleon III (1 jan 1852 ano – 1 jan 1870 ano)

Descrição:

Napoleon combined nationalism and authoritarianism, which was continued by his nephew Louis Napoleon. Louis Napoleon garnered three times as many votes as his four running mates combined in 1848 due to his aggrandized name, willingness to protect middle-class and peasant property, the positive social-economic program he advertised, and his vision of national unity and social progress. He desired a near-authoritarian rule to solve political corruption and selfishness. In an attempt to appeal to the overwhelmingly conservative National Assembly he shared power with, he signed bills that increased the Catholic Church’s presence in education and deprived many poor people of the right to vote. This failed, and Louis Napoleon then conspired with others to overthrow the government. He restored universal male suffrage and proclaimed the arrival of the Second French Empire. He became Emperor Napoleon III with widespread support.

In the 1850s, Louis Napoleon’s rule was marked by economic expansion through industrialization and an ambitious program of public works. His reforms gained the support of urban workers. He led an aggressive foreign policy, leading France to victory in the Crimean War, waging war against Austria for Italian unification, and meddling with Mexican politics in the U.S. Civil War (to France’s dissatisfaction).

In order to win popular support, he retained the legislative Assembly and Senate with reduced powers. The system enticed notable people while advertising its benefits. In the late 1860s, some public opinion, which he heavily valued, turned against him, especially after he granted freedom of the press and gave the Assembly greater powers and opposition candidates greater freedom. Louis Napoleon granted a new constitution with majority support.

Louis Napoleon’s rule was characterized by its ability to combine nationalism and authoritarianism; he was France’s emperor yet gained public support in many of the useful reforms he instituted. His rule provided the old ruling classes of Europe with a new model in politics in which expanding middle classes and portions of the working classes support a unified, conservative national state that promised economic growth and social benefits.

Napoleon III also oversaw the rebuilding of Paris.

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