r. Alexander II + Great Reforms (1 maio 1855 ano – 1 jun 1881 ano)

Descrição:

After the Crimean War, Alexander II and his ministers administered rapid social change and modernization. In 1861, he abolished serfdom. Although peasants received citizenship rights and the chance to purchase about half the land they cultivated, high prices and collective ownership limited their freedom. The national government instituted the zemstvo, a system of local government. It remained subordinate to the traditional bureaucracy and local nobility, dashing hopes that it would lead to an elected national parliament. Changes to the legal system established independent courts and equality before the law, censorship was relaxed, and Russian Jews experienced somewhat liberalized policies.

Russia found more success in promoting economic modernization. The government subsidized private railway companies. The Trans-Siberian Railway transported immigrants, grain, and Marxist thought. Strengthened by industrialization, Russia expanded. It took lands in far eastern Siberia and the Caucasus. Peasants used the rail systems to move to and settle in new areas. The expansion excited nationalists and superpatriots. Alexander II suppressed nationalist movements among minority groups. His reform came to an end when a member of the small anarchist group the “People’s Will” assassinated Alexander.

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