Bergmann offensive (2 nov 1914 ano – 17 nov 1914 ano)

Descrição:

On the night of October 20 ( November 2 ), 1914, the troops of the Russian 1st Caucasian Army Corps crossed the state border [19] and launched an offensive in the direction of Koprikey and Karakilisa (now Agra ) on a wide front from Oltu (Olta) to Mount Ararat . The 39th Infantry Division (Sarykamysh Detachment) was advancing in the center, and the 20th Infantry Division (Oltinsky Detachment) under the command of General N. M. Istomin was advancing on the right flank . Units south of the Araks River attacked Köpriköy1st Caucasian Cossack Division under the command of N. N. Baratov .

Parts of the Oltinsky detachment occupied the village of Eid [20] . After fierce battles that ended by October 27 ( November 9 ), there were no active operations on this sector of the front until the beginning of December, only small clashes took place [21] .

The 155th Cuban regiment ( Sarykamysh detachment ) immediately managed to occupy the Zivin height near the village of Zivin [de] . And by October 25 ( November 7 ), units of the detachment with battle occupied Koperkey positions with the village of the same name [20] [12] and continued the attack on Hasan-Kala [22] , which stalled on the same day due to the fierce resistance of the 9th Turkish Corps entrenched in the Padyzhvan heights. During the day, the Russian units made unsuccessful attempts to seize the dominant heights [23] . October 26 ( November 8) the Turks went on a counterattack, bayonet attacks ensued, and the Russians had to retreat to their original positions in the Keprikey region.

In the first week of fighting, units of the Erivan detachment (later converted into the 4th Caucasian Army Corps) were occupied by Bayazet , Diadin and Karakilisa [24] [12] [19] .

On October 29 ( November 11 ), the Turks under cover of fog using the 9th and 11th corps attacked the 153rd Baku Regiment ( Sarykamysh Detachment ), which was soon forced to leave Keprikey [25] . For several days, the Turks continued their attacks, the situation became threatening, and only reinforcements approached (parts of the 2nd Turkestan Corps - 4th Turkestan Rifle Brigade, 13th, 14th, 15th Turkestan Rifle Regiments; 1st Kuban Plastun Brigade) by November 6 (19) helped stabilize the front [26]. The 4th Turkestan Rifle Brigade attacked the Turks in the Zivin region, and the 1st Kuban Plastun Brigade under the command of Major General M.A. Przhevalsky attacked parts of the 11th Turkish Corps in the area of ​​the northern bank of the Araks River [26] . Under the command of G.E. Berkhman , the Sarykamysh group was formed , which included parts of the 1st Caucasian and 2nd Turkestan army corps. Using a temporary respite, the opponents began to build up their positions, restore the regular number of units, organize the rear, replenish the ammunition.

By November 8 (21), there was a lull in all directions [27] , and the forces of the Erivan detachment captured the strategically important Kilich-Gyaduk pass [5] .

In the Kagizman and Erivan directions, the Russian units advanced forward and reached the Sharian-Dag and Ala-Dag ranges, thereby providing the right flag of the Sarykamysh detachment [3] . Having captured the border villages, Russian troops invaded the Bayazet, Alashkert and Passin valleys.

In the south , where the actions of the Russian army were quite successful, it was possible to provide a bridgehead for a further attack on Julfa [3] .

The Turkish army, in turn, organized an attack on the Batumi direction, where it achieved the greatest success - with the support of 5 thousand manholes and Ajarian irregular formations, the cities of Artvin , Ardanuch [28] , and Borchha were occupied by Turkish troops . The Turks approached the Chorokh River , located between Batum and Artvin [29] . Along with the offensive, they were actively campaigning and called for a local Muslim uprising against Russia [3] [30] [31] . Numerous reports of Turks' ill-treatment of local Armenians subjected to mass killings[32] . And on the territory of the Ottoman Empire, under the pretext of the need for confiscation for the needs of the army, the Turkish authorities resorted to massive robberies of the civilian Armenian population [33]

During the fighting, Russian troops suffered heavy losses, their offensive was suspended. The Turkish command decided to develop success in the direction of Sarykamysh [29] .

After a short respite and preparations for a new operation, on December 9 (22), the Turkish army went on the offensive in the Oltinsky direction, forcing the Caucasian army to begin retreating to the village of Olty (see Sarykamysh Battle ) [34] [35] .

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