Complicit? - Linha do tempo

Chancellor Otto von Bismark unifies German provinces

Hermann Ludwig Maas born

Martin Niemöller born

Kaiser Wilhelm II ascends and forces Bismark out of office

Maas ordained

Maas observses 6th Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland; develops Zionist worldview

Dietrich Bonhoffer born

Niemöller enlists as cadet in the Imperial German Navy

World War I

Maas pastored in Hidelberg; befriends rabbi

Kaiser (and princes) abjucate; Republic launched; armstice

Niemöller discharged from navy for refusing to turn U-boat over to Great Britain

Communists fail in coup attempt; Hilter takes control of National Socialist Workers Party (NSDAP)

Niemöller begins seminary while supporting Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch coup attempt

NSDAP Platform Article 24

NSDAP fails in coup attempt

Bonhoffer pastors Germans in Spain

The Great Depression

President Hindenburg appoints Heinrich Brüning Chancellor

Bonhoffer in USA for seminary

President Hindeburg relected but Nazis win most seats in Parliment (33%)

Hilter named Chancellor as olive branch to waring political parties

Hilter calls for new elections

Enabling Act establishes dicatatorship

Communist Party banned

Bonhoffer publishes “The Church and the Jewish Question”

Center Party dissolved; Vatican and Nazis sign Concordat

Maas travels to Palestine and finances his daughter's establishment of textile mill for Israeli refugees

Niemöller establishes Pastor Emergency League (PEL)

Bonhoffer speaks at Ecumenical World Alliance

Niemöller, on behalf of the PEL, sends Hitler a congratulatory telegram on leaving the League of Nations and asserts the patriotism of PEL members

Dr. Reinhold Krause outlines German Christian views on prohibiting all Jewish elements, including the Old Testament, from Christian theology

Three bishops (including Niemöller) discuss church/state relations with Hitler

Confessing Church established

Communist Party leaders and other political disidents rounded up and executed without trial

President Hindenburg dies

Bonhoffer returns to Germany

Jehovah's Witness congregations outlawed

Jews banned from civil service and academics positions

Jesse Owens wins four gold medals in Berlin Olympics

Rabbi leaves Heidelberg for Brazil

Niemöller arrested for preaching against state involvement in church polity

Gestapo closes Bonhoffer's illegal seminary

Gestapo banns Bonhoffer from Berlin

Niemöller convicted and sent to concentration camp

Germany annexes Austria

German Jews ordered to take first names that identify them as Jews (Israel/Sara)

Munich agreement signed by Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France

German Jew passports declared invalid

1,000 synagoges burned, 9,000 Jewish businesses smashed by Nazi party operatives

First Kindertransport ship arrives in Great Britain

Germany invades Poland beginning World War II

Niemöller wrote a friend to petition his release so he could fight for Germany

Gestapo bans Bonhoffer from public speaking in Germany

Last Kindertransport ship leaves Netherlands

Bonhoffer avoids military service through nespotic appointment to Military Intelligence Command, a center of Nazi resistance

All Jews in German-occupied territory are ordered to wear a yellow star

Bonhoffer travels to Geneva and Vatican and informs on resistance plans to Allied contacts

The Final Solution

Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Extermination camps established

“White Rose” movement founded

Maas suspended from pastoral duties due to undeniable link in assisting Jews escape Germany

“White Rose” members arrested and executed

Bonhoffer and brother-in-law arrested for involvement in OPERATION: Seven

Maas sent to concentration camp; shortly thereafter escapes back to Heidelberg

Allied invasion of Normandy (D-Day)

OPERATION: Valkyrie fails

Bonhoffer sent to concentration camp after involvement in Valkyrie discovered

Hitler commits suicide

Bonhoffer hanged in concentration camp

Germany surrenders

Niemöller publishes “Stuttgart Confessions of Guilt”