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April 1, 2024
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Integration Timeline
Orange events: Williamsburg events
Yellow events: Virginia events
Green events: Nationwide events
Criada
Catherine Scotland
⟶ Atualizado 9 mai 2021 ⟶
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Eventos
General Samuel Armstrong founded the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (Hampton University)
Virginia Constitutional Convention required voters to prove understanding of the state constitution, instituted a poll tax of $1.50 to be paid annually by registered voters. Black men, poor whites, and Republicans could not vote
W.E.B. Du Bois publishes 'The Souls of Black Folks'
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) founded.
Alston v. School Board of the City of Norfolk- federal court ruled that pay disparities for Black and white teachers in Norfolk were based on racial discrimination and violated the “equal protection” clause of the 14th amendment
President Roosevelt presents his Four Freedoms speech as global human rights
United States officially enters World War II
The Great Depression officially ends in the United States
Dimmeline Booth of Richmond became one of the first black marines during World War II
Irene Morgan boarded a bus from Gloucester, Va to Baltimore; told she was defying VA’s 1930 law segregating seating by rows. She refused to move and was ejected from the bus.
President Harry Truman establishes the President's Committee on Civil Rights.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that VA could not impose segregation along borders, made segregation on interstate busing illegal.
NAACP decided to no longer file lawsuits seeking equal educational facilities but only file lawsuits to end segregation.
16 year old Barbara Johns led a student strike against inadequate facilities at overcrowded Robert Russa Moton High School in Farmville, VA.
Brown v. Board of Education ruled that school segregation is unconstitutional.
Brown II decreed that dismantling segregated school systems should proceed with “all deliberate speed”--> allowed for resistance to segregation
Senator Harry F. Byrd called for “Massive Resistance,” a group of laws that intended to prevent integration of Virginia public schools.
The Governor of Arkansas calls out the National Guard of the United States to prevent the "Little Rock Nine" African American students from enrolling in Little Rock Central High School.
Civil Rights Act of 1957 enacted, setting up the United States Commission on Civil Rights.
Black students integrated schools that had closed before integration.
Two courts ordered Prince Edward County schools to integrate; county closed the entire public school system instead.
President Dwight Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960 into law.
Black citizens of Danville, VA created the Danville Christian Progressive Association (DCPA), which was associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Boynton v. Virginia: Supreme Court ruled segregation in interstate bus terminals unconstitutional.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. visited the First Baptist Church on Scotland Street in Williamsburg. He spoke with a biracial audience regarding the continuation of the civil rights movement in Williamsburg.
Group representing Black community organized by DCPA marched to the Danville municipal building
Police violently broke up a Danville prayer vigil held for Black protestors arrested earlier in the day
Prince Edward Free School created by the Society of Friends to educate 1,500 Black students between 1963-1964
President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, abolishing racial segregation in the United States.
Civil Rights Act passed.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act passed.
“Bloody Sunday” in Selma, Alabama
Voting Rights Act signed into law.
Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections- Supreme Court banned poll taxes in all elections.
Loving v. Virginia- Supreme Court ruling overturned laws in 17 states banning interracial marriage.
Dr. William F. Reid became the first Black delegate in the VA General Assembly in 82 years.
President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
Two Black students were injured by a white student during halftime at a Blair-Pembroke basketball game. White students attacked Black students because Black student was dating another White student.
At a town hall meeting, Black parents advocate for the removal of the police from school because students feared to attend classes. Asked for parents to monitor halls instead.
Police stationed at James Blair High School following “interracial incidents” at a basketball game and before classes began.
White athletic director George Spaulding brought a gun to James Blair High School. He removed the gun during a period of “some tension” between mostly individuals who were not students.
Dr. Renz, superintendent of Williamsburg James City County Public Schools, indicated that any teacher or administrator who brought a gun to school would be removed from the school.
Bradley v. Richmond School Board: Federal District Judge Robert Merhige, Jr. ordered a limited citywide busing program in Richmond.
Bradley v. Richmond School Board decision overturned by a 5-1 decision of U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
Períodos
Government report published entitled To Secure These Rights, called for “the elimination of segregation from American life”
Black and white teachers in Norfolk public schools ultimately paid equal amounts
Virginia Governor Thomas Bahnson Stanley created the Gray Commission to conspire to defy integration orders.
Senator Harry Bryrd wrote the Southern Manifesto on Integration, which stated that Brown I was a “clear abuse of judicial power” orchestrated by “outside agitators.”
Schools in Warren County, Charlottesville, and Norfolk were seized and closed before integrating
Virginia school-closing laws ruled unconstitutional
Court order forced Danville officials to reopen their library and integrate the historic site; removed all tables and chairs to prevent congregation.
Warren County, Floyd County, Charlottesville, Norfolk, Alexandria, and Arlington County had official policies of integration.
Freedom Riders traveled to the South to test Boynton decision, encountered verbal resistance in VA, but violent resistance elsewhere in the South.
President Kennedy commented on Prince Edward County school closure in civil rights speech.
Prince Edward County integrated the public schools, when the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed tuition grants for public education. Ended Massive Resistance.
Pupil Placement Board prevents all but 5% of black students attend integrated schools in Virginia. Board assigned few black students to white schools.
Charles C. Green sued the New Kent County School Board, argued that the “freedom-of-choice” plans undermined desegregation efforts initiated under Brown v. Board.
Some Black students integrated James Blair High School. New all-Black Berkeley High School built.
Hermanze E. Fauntleroy, Jr. of Petersburg became VA’s first Black mayor.
Lawrence Davies and Noel Taylor became the first Black mayors of Fredericksburg and Roanoke.
Black History Month created, based on “Negro History Week” created by Virginia-born Carter G. woodson.
Black members become majority of Richmond city council
7 Black members elected to the VA General Assembly.
L. Douglas Wilder becomes First Black governor elected in VA.
Robert Cortez “Bobby” Scott became the first Black member of Congress elected from VA since 1888.
School choice period occurred in which every parent/student in Williamsburg-James City County had to select which school they wanted to attend following a desegregation plan creation.
Williamsburg-James City County schools integrated
Green v. School Board of New Kent county
79% of southern Black students attended integrated schools.
Supreme Court issued 4-4 split decision on busing, invalidated most busing across city-county boundaries across U.S.
