Timeline Iquitos
Category: Outro
Atualizado: 14 nov 2019
Autores
Created byNatalia Meléndez Fuentes
Attachments
Eventos
Rondas Campesinas Law: right of
rural people to organize
themselves against terrorism.INTI replaced by new
currency: Nuevo SolSelf-coup: Fujimori
dissolves the CongressNational Directorate Against
Terrorism (DIRCOTE) captures
Shining Path's leader Abimael
GuzmánProtest in Iquitos against the
government's signing of the
Treaty of Itamaray. 5 dead.National System of Disaster
Risk Management (SINAG- ERD)
is establishedCENEPRED creates the
National Disaster Risk
Management Policy (PNGRD)Commission for the Official
Registration of Informal Property
(COFOPRI) gives free land titles
[following De Soto's principles]MiVivienda Fund is created,
facilitating access to social
housingNational Committee formed to
research the Agrarian Reform and
Housing Issues (CRAV)John Turner starts working
with Eduardo Neira in Peru
on self-housing'Viviendas en el Perú' Social
Housing Programme startsIssuing of Law 13517
for the regulation of
barriadas in PeruCoup d'état: Prado is
overthrown and a Military
Junta is established, with
Godoy on commandJunta Nacional de Vivienda (JNV)
[National Housing Junta] is createdEconomic crisis: 50%
devaluation of currencyCoup d'état: Belaúnde is
overthrown by General
Velasco AlvaradoLaw 17716: Agrarian ReformNationalization of telephone,
fishing and media companiesPREVI (Experimental Housing
Project) is launched: the regular
architectural discourse of the time
responds to the informal city,
based on the precepts of late
Modernism and Team X >>
Mass housing as an alternative
to the massive informal settlementsMinistry of Housing
is re-establishedNew Housing Policy following
IDB recommendations and
Chilean housing policyLaunching of Fondo MiVivienda (FMV):
MiVivienda Credit (middle income) and
Techo Propio (low income)Commission of Truth and Reconciliation
publishes report on terrorism yearsMunicipalities Law: local governments
to assume responsibilities over housing
and planning. Could not be implemented
due to lack of planning culture and relevant
skills at that level of governmentFMV pushes property prices
downwards so as to redirect
private investment towards
lower-income quintilesEarthquake in Ica: 340,000
homeless people as a result.
The government does very
little to assist themFujimori is sentenced to 25 years in
prison for crimes against humanityFire in Belén; firefighters
cannot reach the area.
147 houses destroyed in
Bajo BelénCENEPRED (National Center of
Disaster Risk Estimation, Prevention
and Reduction) is createdMVCS launches the 'Belén
Sostenible' Programme'Nueva Ciudad de Belén' (NCB) Programme
(in San Juan Bautista, 15 km away from Bajo
Belén) replaces 'Belén Sostenible'. It is
unknown what would take place in Bajo
Belén after relocation, but the community
holds the belief that it will be transformed
into a new touristic area in IquitosEarthquake in Moyobamba,
Amazonas, and La Libertad'Príncipe de Asturias' Prize
awarded to Villa El Salvador,
Lima for its self-developmentEstablishment of Villa El Salvador,
Lima: self-organization and
self-developmentMinistry of Housing > Ministry
of Housing and Construction:
on charge of regulating, planning
and controlling all construction
country-wideQuechua is recognized as
an official languageOrganizing Committee of the
Peruvian Revolution Defense
Front is created. It goes against
imperialism, oligarghies and
radical left-wing cadresState control > National Housing
Fund (FONAVI) funds national
housing programmesBanmat (Material Bank) issues
loans for construction materialsState of emergency declared in
Ayacucho due to extreme terrorismEl Niño damages agriculture
production, which negatively
impacts the national economyIquitos emerges as the most important
river port of the Amazon for the extraction
of raw materialsEnd of the rubber fever due to
the flourishing of rubber plantations
in Asia and other European colonies
(mainly Malaysia and Singapour)As of 2019, oil reserves in Loreto
are significantly highIquitos has electricity
services installed, and
its urban railway
becomes operativeIquitos is abandoned by rubber
economic stakeholders. It plungs
into poverty and isolation.Loretan Revolution started by
Guillermo Cervantes, against
national govenrment's focus on
the Peruvian coast at the expenses
of the Amazon and hinterlandsOil extraction starts in Loreto,
bringing it somewhat back to
the fore of attention nation-wideWWII Allied forces establish the
Capital Bergerie Airport and the
Support Hospital in Iquitos in order
to secure the transportation of
Amazonian rubber to the U.S.
factories and vulcanizers, as well
as to prevent the Axis Powers from
setting enclaves in the regionPopular uprising in Iquitos, led by General
Marcial Merino, General Commander of the
Jungle Division. Opposition to President
Manuel A. Odría, accussing him of depriving
citizens of their fundamental right of political
and social organization. One of the main
motivations behind this was to take Leticia
back from Colombia, but the uprising was
soon silencedPopular uprising in Iquitos against
the rising cost of public transportationViolent student riots against
shops and movie theatres
against the rising cost of
cultural activities in the city.
One person dead; Army
threatened with declaring
state of emergencyLoreto floodings seriously impact
Iquitos, especially Bajo Belén and
its metropolitan area (blackout)Amazon River declared one of the
seven natural wondersPopular protests against the Regional
Government of Loreto due to an "irregular
system of agrarian credits" that had seriously
disserved thousands of farmers. Rioters also
protested against the delays in the installation
of the Integral Sewerage of IquitosIquitos is host to the International
Conference of Universities, gathering
representatives from more than 651
advanced education institutions
(UCP acting as host). The Conference
issued the Iquitos Statement on
Higher Education for Sustainable
Development of UNESCOSocial uprising in Iquitos against
concession of oil source site to
the Canadian Pacific Stratus Energy,
at the expense of Petroperú250 Jews settle down in Iquitos given
increasing anti-Semitism in Europe.
Those who stayed after WWII founded
the Israeli Charitable Society of Iquitos,
led by Jorge AbramovitzGrowing inequalities, crime
rates and economic decline
have an impact on IquitosThe ruralization of Amazonian
cities starts to take shapeThe PNGRD, however, shows
a lack of connection between
risk assistance and long-term
developmentAs of July 2017, 70% of NCB's
beneficiaries are not willing to
move from Bajo Belén to NCB.
Most local leaders oppose the
relocation scheme to NCB200 families of Bajo Belén have
been relocated to NCB (but not
'resettled to')Construction materials used in
NCB start to show inefficiency
in isolating residents from the
heat + housing scheme appears
rigid and not adapted to previous
lifestylesProject proposals to boost
economic activities in NCB,
but none is effectively launched2013: Highest records of malaria and
leptospirosis in Bajo Belén to datePeruvian Congress passes Law
30291 to relocate 2,600 families
out of Bajo BelénProyecto Mujeres Empoderadas [Empowered Women
Project], has capacitated over 2000 women of San Juan
Bautista in a) self-esteem; b) skills training in different
modules; and c) applicationResidents of NCB build a malocaAccording to the 2007 census, between 60% - 80%
of Iquitos' residents define themselves as Indigenous
or of Indigenous descentLaw No. 27195 creates the Municipal
District of Belén within the larger city
of IquitosThe Second Civil Court of Preparatory Research of Loreto sentences
the Regional President of Loreto Yván Vásquez Valera to 18 months
of prison for aggravated collusion in the management of a bidding
for the construction of four riverboats. To date, Vásquez Valera
continues to be a fugitive from justiceThe United States Navy visits the military
fort Soldado Vargas Guerra, an active
military site and one of the most important
military forts of Perú. The US Navy visited
Iquitos for a technical training in survival
skills, within the framework of an
interoperability military mission between
the United States and Latin AmericaProposal from regional president Vásquez Valera
to request the land of the military fort Soldado
Vargas Guerra for the further urban development
of Iquitos. However, the petition continues to be
undecided to this day at the national level.Inauguration of the National University of the Peruvian
Amazon (Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana)Inauguration of the Scientific University of
Peru (Universidad Científica del Perú) - a
private institutionInauguration of the Amazonian Library
(Biblioteca Amazónica) in the urban
center of Iquitos. It is the most important
public institution of Iquitos, and it is
considered the most reknown
Latin American library on Amazonian
topics, second to the Manaus Library of
BrazilDue to mounting criminal activity, the
Ministry of Interior of Perú decides to
change the high command of the police
force of Iquitos, who had been confronted
with allegations of corruptionThe INEI (National Institute of Statistics
and Informatics) reports Iquitos to be the
Peruvian city with second highest inflation
rateAquaculture is
introduced to IquitosInauguration of Refinery of Iquitos
(Refinería de Iquitos). It is the third
most productive refinery of Perú,
third to those in Talara and La PampillaThe Criminal Court of Loreto gave a
judgement of illegal mining activities
in Iquitos. Two people were condemned
for the illegal extraction of white sand out
of the Allpahuayo Mishana Natural Reserve
(near Bajo Belén). The case dates back to
2015. White sand is usually mixed with
cement for construction purposes. The
Reserve is a buffer zone, and the extraction
of white sand was posing significant
environmental damage. This ruling is
historical as it is the first condemning
illegal extractive activitPeríodos
Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) terrorismAlberto Fujimori's
presidential termCenepa War
(Peru vs. Ecuador)Japanese Embassy
Hostage Crisis by
MRTAManuel Prado Ugarteche's
presidential termMilitary JuntaFernando Belaunde's
presidency - Belaúnde years:Revolutionary Government of the Armed ForcesFernando Belaúnde's
second presidencyAlan García's presidential termValentín Paniagua's presidencyAlejandro Toledo's presidential termAlan García's second presidential term
Neoliberal turnOllanta Humala's presidential termPedro Pablo Kuczynski's
presidential termMartín Vizcarra's current presidencySelf help housing era, supported by the stateNational Housing Plan (PNV)Increase of the housing supply.
Techo Propio incorporates three typologies: new homes, self-housing, home-upgradingRubber fever: period of extreme extraction in the Department of LoretoEconomic bonanza for rubber tappers and transition
from slavery to semi-slavery of Indigenous PeoplesAnthropological studies of Indigenous Populations in the Colombian
and Peruvian Amazon (Kokama, Kokamilla and Omagua Peoples),
conducted by the Augustinian Father and philologist Lucas EspinosaThe Rubber Fever brought a lot of construction development as well as basic services to IquitosEconomic booms of Amazon resources:
extraction of mullein (Barbasco), hides,
silviculture and other resourcesUrbanization of Iquitos starts
to have a negative impact over
the cityApproximate period for the emergence
of Bajo Belén by the Itaya riverbedIquitos population experiences a
139.5% increase due to immigration
as a consequence of the Rubber FeverMassive immigration from rural areas of Loreto: the population of Iquitos more than quadrupledDue to governmental subsidies, large numbers of men—both rural and urban dwellers
—found long-term employment in distant forests where oil exploration and pipeline
construction was underway > blurring of urban and rural livelihoods even further >
establishment of multi-sited households“Açaízation” of the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon: farming shift from predominantly
annual-crop agriculture to forest-based production systems centered on açaí fruit,
heart of palm, and managed and unmanaged forestryGrowth of squatter settlements in Pucallpa and other cities as distant as Lima + growth of
small urban centers >> increased demand for inexpensive construction materials >> Rural
smallholder farmers in Peruvian Amazonia have shifted their emphasis from commercial
crop production to a combination of smaller-scale subsistence agriculture and management
of forest products, especially of fast-growing timbers >> decline in the agricultural sector
and the loss of an important source of income for smallholderThe Belaúnde years boost the urbanization
of San Juan Bautista.
Before this, it was a sparsely inhabited areaIncrease of criminal activity rates in Iquitos
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