1 jan 1892 ano - European immigrants start being routed through New York's Ellis Island

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Before:
Mass migration from Western Europe had started in the 1840s, when more than one million Irish fled a terrible famine. In the following decades, as Europe’s population grew rapidly and agriculture became commercialized, peasant economies suffered, first in Germany and Scandinavia, then across Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, and the Balkans. This upheaval displaced millions of rural people. Some went to Europe’s mines and factories; others headed for South America and the United States
-Europeaners saw U.S. as place to get rich
-conditions were hard on the sea

-some immigrants brought skills (wlesh-tin-plate makers, germans-machinists/carpenters, scandinacians-sailors) but industrialization wanted unskilled labor. Poor italians from Italy, Greece, and Eastern Europe took heavy, low-paid labor

-most immigrants thought they would work for a bit, save, then go home (French Canadians came to New England for textile jobs) (Irish, Italian, and greek men can alone) (women from other countries came in family groups, single Irish women) but many stayed a lifetime.
-others thought they would stay permanently, only to be forced to leave b/c of accidents or economic depression. (1/3 of immigrants returned to their home countries)

Jewish immigrants: Earlier Jewish immigrants, who numbered around 50,000 in 1880, had been mostly of German Jewish descent. In the next four decades, more than 3 million poverty-stricken Jews arrived from Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and other parts of Eastern Europe, transforming the Jewish presence in the United States (see “Firsthand Accounts”). Like other immigrants, they sought economic opportunity, but they also came to escape religious repression.

immigranting to us= gamble
-money, education, good business contracts helped
-others faced hard conditions until they got better lives for their descendants
-others died

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