1 jan 1793 ano - Permanent Settlement & Zamindari System 1793

Descrição:

Cornwallis: Revenue of the land was fixed for 89%. Land belonged to Zamindars until they paid the revenue and the ryots became the tenants

The zamindari system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement that fixed the land rights of the members in perpetuity without any provision for fixed rent or occupancy right for actual cultivators.
• Under the Zamindari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the intermediaries known as Zamindars.
• The share of the government in the total land revenue collected by the zamindars was kept at 10/11th, and the remainder going to zamindars.
• The system was most prevalent in West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, UP, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.


The Permanent Settlement Agreement
• According to the Permanent Land revenue settlement the Zamindars were recognised as the permanent owners of the land.
• They were given instruction to pay 89% of the annual revenue to the state and were permitted to enjoy 11% of the revenue as their share.
• The Zamindars were left independent in the internal affairs of their respective districts.

Taluqdari System:

After the Permanent Settlement, new varieties of taluqs were created by zamindars.
Under the pressure of the Permanent Settlement, many zamindars were creating dependent taluqs denominated as pattani taluq, noabad taluq and osat taluq.

Malguzari System

The land tenure prevailing in the erstwhile Central Provinces was known as Malguzari system in which the Malguzar was merely a revenue farmer under the Marathas.

Issues with the Zamindari System
• For the Cultivators: In villages, the cultivators found the system oppressive and exploitative as the rent they paid to the zamindar was very high while his right on the land was quite insecure.
• The cultivators often had to take loan to pay the rents, on failing to pay the rent, they were evicted from the land.
• For the Zamindars: The revenue had been fixed so high that the zamindars found it difficult to pay, and those who failed to pay the revenue lost their zamindari.
• The zamindars were not so keen about improving the land. As long as they could give out the land and get rent, they preferred it.
• For the Company: By the first decade of the 19th century, the cultivation slowly expanded and prices rose in the market.
• Although this meant an increase in the income of Zamindars, it was no gain for the company since it could not increase a revenue demand that had been settled permanently.

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