1 jan 3100 ano antes da era comum - Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt

Descrição:

"At about the same time that Sumerian city-states expanded and fought with one another in the Tigris and Euphrates Valleys, a more cohesive state under a single ruler grew in the valley of the Nile River in North Africa. This was Egypt, which for long stretches of history was prosperous and secure behind desert areas on both sides of the Nile Valley."

"The Nile flooded once a year for a period of several months, bringing fertile soil and moisture for farming, and agricultural villages developed along its banks by at least 6000 B.C.E."

"The Egyptians based their calendar on the Nile, dividing the year into three four-month periods: akhet (flooding), peret (growth), and shemu (harvest). Through the fertility of the Nile and their own hard work, Egyptians produced an annual agricultural surplus, which in turn sustained a growing and prosperous population."

"Egypt was fortunate in that it was nearly self-sufficient. Besides having fertile soil, Egypt possessed enormous quantities of stone, which served as the raw material of architecture and sculpture, and abundant clay for pottery. Moreover, the raw materials that Egypt lacked were close at hand. The Egyptians could obtain copper from Sinai (SIGH-nigh) and timber from Lebanon, and they traded with peoples farther away to obtain other materials that they needed."

"The political unification of Egypt in the Archaic Period (3100–2660 B.C.E.) ushered in the period known as the Old Kingdom (2660–2180 B.C.E.), an era remarkable for prosperity and artistic flowering."

"Wealthy Egyptians lived in spacious homes with attractive gardens and walls for privacy. For them, life included a daily bath and clean clothes, along with perfumes as deodorants. Poorer people lived in cramped quarters, with narrow rooms for living, including two small rooms for sleeping and cooking. These small houses suggest that most Egyptians lived in small family groups, not as large extended families. The very poor lived in small buildings with their animals. Egyptians of all classes generally wore linen clothes made from fibers of the flax plant.
Marriage was a family matter, not a religious ritual, and a woman brought some of her family’s property to the marriage, which continued to belong to her, though her husband had the right to manage it. Both spouses could initiate divorce, and if they divorced, the woman took her marriage portion with her and could also claim a share of the profits made during her marriage. Women could own land in their own names, operate businesses, testify in court, and bring legal action against men."

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