1 jan 4500 ano antes da era comum - Indo-European Expansion

Descrição:

- Die meisten europ. Sprachen darunter auch keltisch und albanisch
- Nicht Indo-Europ. Sprachen sind Baskisch, Ungarisch/Finnisch, Türkisch
- With written attestations appearing from the Bronze Age in the form of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant in the field of historical linguistics as possessing the second-longest recorded history, after the Afroasiatic family (N-Afrika+Arabische Halbinsel)
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Kurgan Hypothese: LCA Sprache war 3500BC in der Pontokaspischen Steppe, ist die am meisten studierte und rekonstruierte theorethische Sprache: PIE proto indo european.
Die sprache verbreitet sich über folk migrations und elite recruitment. This process started with the introduction of cattle at the Eurasian steppes around 5200 BCE, and the mobilisation of the steppe herder cultures with the introduction of wheeled wagons and horse-back riding, which led to a new kind of culture.
Between 4,500 and 2,500 BCE, this "horizon", which includes several distinctive cultures(?), spread out over the Pontic steppes, and outside into Europe and Asia.[1] Both Asko Parpola and David Anthony regard the Khvalynsk culture as the culture that established the roots of Early Proto-Indo-European around 4500 BCE in the lower and middle Volga.


Early migrations at ca. 4200 BCE brought steppe herders into the lower Danube valley, either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of Old Europe (Neolithic hunter gatherers).
Anatolian branch to which the Hittites belong probably arrived in Anatolia from the Danube valley or alternatively archaic PIE originated in the Caucasus, from where archaic PIE speaking people migrated into Anatolia.

The western Indo-European languages (Germanic, Celtic, Italic) probably spread into Europe from the Balkan-Danubian complex, a set of cultures in Southeastern Europe.[3] At ca. 3000 BCE a migration of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the Yamna-culture took place toward the west, along the Danube river,[4] Slavic and Baltic developed a little later at the middle Dniepr (present-day Ukraine),[5] moving north toward the Baltic coast.[45] The Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe (third millennium BCE),[web 1] which materialized with a massive migration from the Eurasian steppes to Central Europe,[8][web 2][web 3] probably played a central role in the spread of the pre-Germanic and pre-Balto-Slavic dialects.[6][7]

The eastern part of the Yamnaya horizon and the Corded Ware culture contributed to the Sintashta culture (c. 2100–1800 BCE), where the Indo-Iranian language and culture emerged, and where the chariot was invented. The Indo-Iranian language and culture was further developed in the Andronovo culture (c. 1800–800 BCE), and influenced by the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (c. 2400–1600 BCE). The Indo-Aryans split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians, whereafter Indo-Aryan groups moved to the Levant (Mitanni), northern India (Vedic people, c. 1500 BCE), and China (Wusun).[2] The Iranian languages spread throughout the steppes with the Scyths and into Iran with the Medes, Parthians and Persians from ca. 800 BCE.[2]

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Elite recruitment:
Small groups can change a larger cultural area,[26][16] and elite male dominance by small groups may have led to a language shift in northern India.[27][28][29][note 29] According to Parpola, local elites joined "small but powerful groups" of Indo-European speaking migrants.[23] These migrants had an attractive social system and good weapons, and luxury goods which marked their status and power. Joining these groups was attractive for local leaders, since it strengthened their position, and gave them additional advantages.[33] These new members were further incorporated by matrimonial alliances.[34][24]

Renfrew: models of "linguistic replacement"
Basu et al. refer to Renfrew, who described four models for "linguistic replacement":[27][186]

The demographic-subsistence model, exemplified by the process of agricultural dispersal, in which the incoming group has exploitive technologies which makes them dominant. It may lead to significant gene flow, and significant genetic changes in the population. But it may also lead to acculturalisation, in which case the technologies are taken over, but there is less change in the genetic composition of the population;
The existence of extended trading systems which lead to the development of a lingua franca, in which case some gene flow is to be expected;
The elite dominance model, in which "a relatively small but well-organized group [...] take[s] over the system".[187] Given the small size of the elite, its genetic influence may also be small, though "preferential access to marriage partners" may result in a relatively strong influence on the gene pool. Sexual asymmetry may also be of influence: incoming elites often consist mostly of males, who have no influence on the mitochondrial DNA of the gene pool, but may influence the Y chromosomes of the gene pool;
System collapse, in which territorial boundaries are changed, and elite dominance may appear for a while.

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