1 jan 1509 ano - John Calvin born

Descrição:

John Calvin was born in France in 1509. He converted to the
Protestant beliefs as a young adult. Although he initially followed the
teaching of Martin Luther and the Lutheran Church, he eventually led
a new set of beliefs that became known as "Calvinism." Calvinism
promoted the following ideas which were not completely shared by the
Lutherans.:
Predestination – the “elect” of God – God has
preordained who will get into Heaven. Wealth is a sign of God’s
approval. Calvin’s ideas are very popular with the rising middle
classes (bourgeoisie) across Europe. Calvin settled in Geneva
Switzerland and became known as a major leader of the Protestant
reformation while living in that city. Followers of Calvin’s teaching
become known in England as “Puritans" and in France his followers
were known as "Huguenots." In other parts of Western Europe they
were generally referred to as Calvinists. The “Parable of the Talents”
was used by Calvin as a religious and moral justification for
accumulating large sums of wealth. Hard work and the
accumulation of wealth was viewed as a sign of God’s approval
(the “Protestant Ethic”). Calvin was NOT against the charging of
interest (usury) which had been considered sinful by most Christians
throughout the Middle Ages. Calvin also claimed that “ungodly
kings” should not be obeyed. (This notion began to lead to a popular
Protestant and Enlightenment view of “sovereignty by the people.”)
Calvinism spread rapidly across western Europe among the newly
rising middle classes and, according to the readings by Weber, were a
key force in shaping modern nation-states and their relationship to
capitalism.

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