Emperor Ferdinand II (jan 1, 1578 – jan 1, 1637)

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Played a pivotal role in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). His policies and actions, particularly his efforts to enforce Roman Catholicism and quell Protestant rebellions, directly triggered the conflict. The Defenestration of Prague, where two of his envoys were thrown out of a window, sparked the Bohemian Revolt, marking the war's beginning. As a devout Catholic, Ferdinand II sought to enforce the Roman Catholic faith throughout the Holy Roman Empire, leading to clashes with Protestant factions, especially in Bohemia.

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