The Great Schism (Separation) (feb 1, 1254 – feb 1, 1274)

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The split between Eastern Orthodoxy and the Roman Church in 1054 was fueled by doctrinal, cultural, and linguistic differences, aggravated by conflicts and the spread of Islam, ultimately leading to excommunications and the separate development of the two branches of Christianity. The breach was further deepened by events like the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, and although attempts at reconciliation were made over the centuries, schism remains with both acknowledging each other's apostolic succession but differing on the authority of the Pope and the perceived divergence of the Papacy from traditional church tradition and role.

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