History of Instructional Technology

Courses to train teachers to use film were run by universities and teacher training colleges, and five separate national professional organisations for visual instruction had been established by 1930 (Saettler 1990). Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 51). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

It became apparent that Educational Films were not having expected impact - teachers were not using them.

Courses to train teachers to use film were run by universities and teacher training colleges, and five separate national professional organisations for visual instruction had been established by 1930 (Saettler 1990). Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 51). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

The first established US ‘educational radio station’ was at the University of Wisconsin Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 53). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

‘World Radio University’

‘American School of the Air’

the US Federal Communications Commission concluded that ‘radio has not been accepted as a full-fledged member of the educational family ... and remains a stepchild of education’ (Woelfel and Tyler 1945, p. 85). Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 55). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Closed circuit television educational television introduced

the US Federal Communications Commission’s decision in 1952 to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes. Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 56). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Four of every five school students in American Samoa were spending between one-quarter and one-third of their class time watching televised lessons, which were then supplemented by follow-up exercises and question periods led by teachers. Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 57). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Educational Television seen to have a low impact on most schools

TI Speak and Spell Introduced - begining of small consumet electornics in education

Mainframe computers used in major Universities to teach coding and for students records and administration.

Psychologist and philosopher Patrick Suppes heralded the emergence of the ‘computer tutor’ as an apparent saviour of school and university education, capable of providing education to any child or adult on a flexible and individualised basis. Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 59). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40 per cent of all US elementary schools and more than 75 per cent of all US secondary schools. Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (pp. 59-60). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

18% of US schools with computers

98% of us schools with computers

Christopher Evans proclaimed, there was little doubt that ‘portable, personal teaching computers ... will sweep through the education system of the Western world’ (1979, pp. 118–20). Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 60). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Early computer assisted learning program for math instruction of innumerate teens in Ontario

Early studies of computer assisted instruction concluded that instruction was effective and engaging

Smart Board Introduced

PPT Introduced

One-one computing gains momentum

First emarking of tests

First completely online Course

Project OUtreach study the potential of telecorses

Association for Educational Communication and Technology publication defining Educational Technology.

Instructional Design becoming prefered term

Edgar Dale's Cone of Expereince

Hawkridge Proposed reform of educational technology

The Mathematical Theory of Communication by Shannon and Weaver.

Skinner - Teaching Machines Programed Instruction

Glasser- Teaching Machines and Programed learning Programmed Instruction

Lumisdaine Programmed Instruction

Mager's 1962 Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction Teaching Machines movement

Gagne - The Conditions of Learning Behavioural Psychology

Papert Applied Cognitive Science

Cognition and Technology Group Applied Cognitive Science

National Development Programme in Computer Assisted Learning Widespread introduction of Microcomputers into schools in BG

Systems Theory applied to Instructional Technolgy Hoban

Systems Theory conference at Syracuse University Established Systems Theory as a halmark of the field

Introduction of the Chalkboard

Edison predicted at the beginning of the 1920s: I believe that the motion picture is destined to revolutionize our educational system and that in a few years it will supplant largely, if not entirely, the use of textbooks. ... The education of the future, as I see it, will be conducted through the medium of the motion picture. (cited in Cuban 1986, p. 9) Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (pp. 50-51). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Catalogue of Educational Motion Pictures listed over one thousand different film titles arranged around thirty different topics and subject Selwyn, Neil. Education and Technology: Key Issues and Debates (p. 51). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

Vygotsky

Jonassen Instructional Design

John Dewy 1920-1940s