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Materials development
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LCN
⟶ è stato aggiornato 24 set 2018 ⟶
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Eventi
Block How English has functioned as a medium to enable processes such as McDonaldization
Gray and Block Standardisation of teacher training
Example of fairly typical of many ‘main courses’ now on offer. Here, we see a fixed sequence of two-page ‘lessons,’ offering a pre-dictable sequence of language presentation, grammar practice, vocabulary, reading, speaking and writing activities, interspersed with review exercises.
Example of: (Cambridge exercies) how works the scripts the interaction is predictable
Littlejohn (The course Packages) Aim to provide virtually all the resources that teachers and learners will need activity books, readers, DV etc, are supplanting the books of exercies
Gray (Adam Smith in 1776 defined the Neoliberalism) Gray confirms: The impact of the Neoliberalism in the language teaching materials is the great importance For example: Celebrities appear in UK published materials student use books with celebrities to engaged them
Language Certification Phenomenon This is the best example of neoliberalism in education because of the standards give people the idea of having an economic value, but it is a knowledge.
Education has been permeable to Neoliberalism. Customer= Student Premium product= Widely recognize diplomas. Market advantages= jobs, contracts, networks.
"Iron curtain" on Europe
Space race
1958 National Defense (Foreign Language) Act
-Behaviourism as a ruling force in psychology and learning theory -Reinforcement of behaviourist inspired methodologies that linger up to today into language teaching materials
Late 60's onwards → Creation of multiple "humanistic" approaches to language teaching
Stevick’s: “Memory, Meaning and Method"
Gattegno: "Silent Way" methodology
Lozanov: "Suggestopaedia" methodology
The embourgeoisement
The struggles for recognition: minorities and cultures
Sub-groupings began to voice their separate identities.
Marked development of feminism
Tom Wolfe called the 1970's period the "Me decade"
The changes that happened during this decade, affected somehow the language teaching.
This type of teaching was mostly concerned with linguistic wants and needs.
This period was characterized by the development of exhaustive tools for the specification of an individual’s particular needs. "Special purposes"
Breen
He recognizes materials as "workplans"
An early example of English for special purposes materials (Pearson, p. 17)
Littlejohn
There is a gap between advances in applied linguistic thinking and the nature of commercial produced materials.
Inglis
There was an eventual development of multiculturalism as an explicit policy in many western counties.
It was recognized that learners have their own unique ways of approaching language study which means their own styles and strategies .
Naiman
“The Good Language Learner” study was born showing how language learning was a person-centred activity, starting a major new strand of materials development: learner training.
MARX-Relationship between historical contexts and forms of thoughts and actions. Humans actions are affected by social, cultural and historical aspects.
Bowles and Gintis landmark a strong notion of a correspondence principle between schools' internal organization and the organization of capitalism.
Ellis and Sinclair’s “Learning to Learn English”
Learners themselves were to take control of their own learning. Questioned the role of externally designed materials
The English language teaching was rethought and with it born the Communicative Language Teaching movement. Why? Because of social movements that looked for democratisation and popular recognitionof culture.
Democratisation of language with Johnson and Morrow’s “Approaches”
Francis Fukuyama
It was not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but it was the end of history as such: the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government. (p. 4)
- The possibilities of experimentation, innovation, and a rethinking of what language teaching may be. - Imagine language teaching and language learning out of the nest.
What do we need to do? - Resist the manner of uniformity that has been imposed. - Leave the curriculum decisions to teachers and learners. - Material developers should not do a scripting of classroom events,
Andrew Littlejohn
Michael Apple
He has proved how ideology is encoded within the practices of schooling and text. (2004-2013)
He establishes an argument to recognize how the language has been evolving through the ongoing historical context. Material development reflex action to the social development
Andrew Littlejohn
Moskowitz: “Caring and Sharing in the Foreign Language Class”
Krashen: Input hypothesis
It began to treat seriously the Materiasl Development field.
Tucker: Four component scheme for measuring value of textbooks
Davidson: 5 category scheme
Dauod & Celce-Murcia: Checklist of criteria for evaluating coursebooks
Tomlinson: materials will be taken to be anything than can be used to facilitate the learning of a language
Vietnam, Lim and Brown provide guidelines for the production and use of in-house self-access materials.
Tomlinson proposes classroom procedures to help teachers to humanise the coursebooks.
Issues in materials development Ideology in materials Globalization Success- individualism-
Redstone & Cunningham We still use approaches such as PPP filling the gaps Etc
Language Awareness Approach
Chapelle Little research in materials' evaluation.
Richars mentions tha there has been a lack of research in terms of empirical investigation
The role of technologies in Language-Learning Materials
-Materials development will be electronically. -Will be more flexible courses -There will be more research -Teachers will create materials by themselves -Innovative approaches
Common European Framework
Tomlinson's principles: -Language experience contextualized and comprehensible -Learners need to be motivated, relaxed, positive and engaged -Language and discourse features need to be salient, meaningful and frequently encountered -Deep and multi-dimensional processing of the language
Acceptability Banegas Proposed a syllabus (Gay marriage- Child abuse etc)
Periodi
-Emerging culture of alternative ways of doing things. -Rejection towards established and mainstream ways of doing things -Innovators in language teaching influenced by this
This made one step further shift in the western society increasingly affluent working class populations of the developed economies saying they were taking the individualist perspectives as the middle classes prevailing individual's goals than collectivists ones.
Issues in materials development Debate of materials development Pros and cons
Progresso dell''evento
The new approaches of Language teaching and learning have been affected by the commercial publising.
Ritzer The McDonaldization of society Characterized by an absolute emphasis on efficiency and total predictability Strict Policies: -Deskilled work routines - Fixed Languages Script -Totally predictable interaction to the customers.