Several hundred Catholic Francophone Métis led by Louis Riel and supported by Cree fighters mount the North-West Rebellion and establish the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan. Riel is captured at the Battle of Batoche (9–12 May), tried for treason, and hanged on 16 November 1885. Francophones bitterly denounce the sentence and Canada becomes deeply polarized along ethno-religious lines.
The Métis and their First Nations allies lead against the federal government in what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta. Anxious about white settlers and government encroachment on their lands, the Métis form a second provisional government in the region, again led by Louis Riel. The Métis Bill of Rights demands improved treatment for all residents of the region, including land rights, political representation, and better education. As calls go unheeded, the Métis, led by Gabriel Dumont, take military action, but federal troops prevail. Riel is hanged for treason and Cree chiefs Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear) and Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker) are imprisoned.