James Joyce Ulysses Published (22 févr. 1922 – 22 févr. 1922)

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Ulysses published in February, 1922. Criticism of Ulysses explains the text explores Irish life and culture on a surface level, however, the text is full of parallels of the Odyssey. It is written in a stream of consciousness writing, similar to Portrait, however, as Joyce continued writing Ulysses, he abandoned the stream of consciousness writing and began incorporating other experimental methods into the text, forcing the reader to pay attention to Ulysses as a story and Joyce’s use of variety. Joyce presented Ulysses as the anti-hero, which was frowned upon in art at the time. Joyce featured three major characters in the novel, Stephen, Leopold and Molly. Readers learn Molly and Leopold (who are married) have not had sex since the birth of their son (Joyce writing about a taboo topic). The novel also features the wife, Molly, having an affair. The novel was initially presented in installments and was finally published in February, 1922. Readers often associate the piece as depicting the “heroism of modern life” while others read the novel as satire, and others see it as a “mock-epic” due to the parallels between Ulysses and the Odyssey. Many question the necessity of the parallels between the two, and some critics claim the parallels do not add to the novel, but further indicate his experimental Modernist writing.

Amanda Mahoney

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