Joseph II was the Holy Roman emperor, at first co-ruler with his mother, Maria Theresa, and then sole ruler (1780–1790) of the Austrian Habsburg dominions. (1 janv. 1765 – 1 janv. 1790)

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A strong supporter of change, Maria Theresa's son Joseph II moved forward rapidly when he came to the throne in 1780 and abolished serfdom in 1781.When a disillusioned Joseph died prematurely at forty-nine, his brother Leopold II (r. 1790-1792) canceled Joseph's radical edicts and reestablished order.Likewise in Austria, Joseph II instituted reforms intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service and removal of special clothing requirements, but the reforms raised fears among traditionalists in the general population.

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