Alexander II rules Russia (Westernization) (2 mars 1855 – 13 mars 1881)

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Alexander had the political goal of Russification, which involved homogenizing the language and religion of Russia's people. He implemented changes such as teaching only the Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland.


The abolition of serfdom in 1861, under Alexander II, and the reforms which followed (local government reforms, the judicial reform, the abolition of corporal punishment, the reform of the military, public education, censorship and others), were a 'watershed', 'a turning point' in the history of Russia.

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