1914 World War I (1 janv. 1914 – 1 janv. 1929)

Description:

Unit 8:
Contextualizing 20th-Century Global Conflict

World War I (MAIN)
-Militarism:
-Alliances in Europe: Bismark triple alliance,
-Imperialism:
-Nationalism:

-Assassination of duke
-New military technology: machine guns, chemical weapons like chlorine gas, TRENCH WARFARE = stalemates until U.S. joins Triple Entente

Russian Revolution and Its Effects
-WWI exacerbated long-term political stagnation, social inequality, incomplete industrialization, and food and land distribution, which altogether caused the Russian Revolution.
-March Revolution Lenin, Bolsheviks, violence
-Working class revolution
-Soviet Union begins
-NEP: New Economic Policy

Versailles Conference and Peace Settlement
-End of WWI
-Tension between idealism vs reality, Woodrow Wilson 14 points, but Britain and France wanted to punish Germany: Reparations Clause, War Guilt Clause Germany agreed they were solely responsible for destruction during war
-Triple Entente promised Arab states sovereignty, but then installed mandates to keep ruling them

Global Economic Crisis
-War debt
-Hyper inflation
-Nationalistic Tariff policies
-Overproduction after war
-U.S. stock market crash which spread throughout the world because European countries were dependent on the U.S.
-Government spending to recover the economy The New Deal

Fascism and Totalitarianism
-With the exception of Britain and France and a handful of smaller nations, much of Europe fell under the leadership of totalitarian regimes in the interwar period
-Mussolini: Italy, terror Black Shirts secret police
-Nationalistic, common enemy
-Hiter: Germany, propaganda, terror Brown Shirts secret police
-Spain: popular front, communists, workers, Franco violent uprising, led to Spanish Civil War
-Soviet Union: Stalin succeeds Lenin, 5-year plans to industrialize, poor living conditions, Kulaks had their land forcibly removed and consolidated to government and they revolted by burning crops etc.

Europe During the Interwar Period
-Hitler's aggressive expansion eventually proved too much for British and French policies of appeasement, and after Germany invaded Poland, WWII began
-Axis Powers
-appeasement until Hitler invaded Poland

World War II
-WWII was an exceedingly deadly war due to technological innovations that significantly increased the death rate
-Axis powers vs Allied powers Britain, France, U.S. USSR
-Blitzkrieg: shock, quickly, Axis powers took victories in the beginning
-Germany took over France but in operation Barbosa Germany tried to invade Russia and failed
-Japan bombed Pearl Harbor,
-Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan which ended war in Pacific
-Allies won

Holocaust
-The holocaust was the result of Hitler's Final Solution, and was responsible for the death of over six million Jews, and millions of others
-mass killing (11 million)
-concentration camps (Auschwitz), gas chambers
-Jews, disabled, homosexual, etc.

20th-Century Cultural, Intellectual, and Artistic Developments
-As a result of two world wars, European optimism was exchanged for cultural anxiety
-Einstein: Physics, says time and space are relative Theory of Relativity, made people feel anxious
-Women: joined military in auxiliary positions, took over domestic jobs in factories, led in rise of efforts for women's suffrage

Continuity and Changes in an Age of Global Conflict

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