1789 French Revolution (1 janv. 1789 – 1 janv. 1815)

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Unit 5:
Contextualizing 18th-Century States

Rise of Global Markets
- Maritime rivalry in the east, French Dutch and English created companies to challenge Portuguese, Dutch East India company joint stock company took full control until British East India company which competed and then French East India company (British dominated), Indian Ocean trade
-Atlantic ocean trade, Navigation acts (British ships only for shipping to Britain = monopoly and wealthy but weakened dominance in Atlantic trade),
- Spanish Succession, (Louis XIV wanted to unite France and Spain but Britain fought against the unification), Treaty of Utrecht (1713) France had to give up some colonial holdings to Britain and Spain had to give Britain control of its West African slave trade (Asiento), Britain gained economic power


Britain's Ascendancy (1648-1815)
-Britain becomes a big deal, United with Scotland in the Acts of Union which created the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Treaty of Utrecht (all seized land returned which included Madras and Silesia but Fredrick II resisted),
-The 7 years war, Britain against France, Fredrick II of Prussia seized Silesia sparked war of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) which included Britain and France and created tensions when Fredrick II would not return Silesia, Maria Theresa Austrian monarch created new diplomatic alliances and broke apart old ones, 7 Years war set in Europe, India, and America (arguably the 1st world war), British gained control of India over France, French Indian War (North American conflict part of 7 years war) British navy destroyed French) Treaty of Paris ended war French gave land from colonial empire included all land east of Mississippi river and parts of Canada
-American Revolution, American colonists asked France for help and France helped because they wanted revenge that led to successful defeat of Britain.

French Revolution
People of France wanted a seat of power,
- Causes: commoners had zero power which was held by clergy and nobles, economic crisis: expensive wars = debt and taxes paid by commoners, In balance of the Estates-General: 3 estates clergy nobility and everyone else each only got 1 vote even though the majority was commoners, nobility and clergy held a lot of power, Bread Shortages: famine, lower class suffered, Estates general did nothing to solve the problems, National Assembly (3rd estate wants power and taxation over France), Tennis Court Oath (not let into Estates General meeting so the third estate went to tennis court and swore to not leave until draft of new constitution of France, Sans-Culottes (rebel group) stormed the Bastille = first uprising,
-Liberal Phase, National Assembly drafted DORMAC freedom of speech representative govt and abolished hereditary privileges of the 1st and 2nd estate, Civil Constitution of the Clergy, Women October March on Versailles for bread and killed guards and forced Louis XVI to accept DORMAC,
- Radical Phase, National Assembly dissolved and new permanent parliament called the National Convention, Jacobins seized control of convention and installed radical policies like reordering time to start year 1 in 1792 called the Era of Liberty and dissolved the constitutional monarchy which had beed established by the National Assembly and cut Louis XVI head off with guillotine which created a true republic,
-Reign of Terror, because of the radicalness other countries were scared and so went against them, then Jacobins and moderates could not work together so they clamped down on any French citizens disobeying, Robespierre (Jacobin) 40,000 people died from guillotine from committee of public safety, built very large army using mass conscription,
-Thermidorean Reaction: Robespierre killed in guillotine
- Olympe de Gouges Declaration of the rights of women and female citizen = temporary women gains

French Revolution's Effects
-Conservative Reaction, return to monarchy , fear that it would affect other countries, Edmund Burke
-Haitian Revolution (aka Saint Domingo) (1791), conditions in Haiti were bad, some french officers owners merchants and free people of color but mostly Enslaved African Laborers, profit from letting slaves die out and then buying more, during French revolution National Assembly did not give colonies the same liberties they were giving the rest of France which angered them and caused them to revolt, Britain and Spain supported rebellion, France issued a decree saying any slave who fought with the French would win freedom, then National Assembly abolished slavery, Loussant L'ouverature born a slave later freed and then fought with Spain against France then switched sides and fought with France and gained control of colony and became commander of the colony then arrested by Napoleon because he was making too many decisions without Napoleons consent and Napoleon wanted to reinstate slavery, But then Dessaline rallied resistance and defeated French and declared independence

Napoleon's Rise (1794), Dominance, and Defeat
- RISE: people wanted stability so were ok with dictator, started out military in Egypt he failed but France didn't know that until after he was leader, staged a coup to overthrow the Directory and established a 3 member consulate and new constitution adopted in 1799, in 1804 he crowned himself emperor Napoleon I,
-Domestic reforms, Napoleonic code equality of men and protections for wealth and private property and some religious toleration, Centralized bureaucracy on basis of merit, Religious reform from the Concordat of Bologna in 1801
-DOMINANCE: suppression of rights, secret police, censorship, marginalized women and lost rights they had from the French revolution and were dependent on husbands or fathers and could not own property.
-Conquer, spread ideals of revolution, could not conquer Great Britain so continental system blockaded British shipping
-DEFEAT: Nationalistic responses resisting, guerrilla warfare, in 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia (BIG MISTAKE) Russia used scorched earth policy and Russian winters were cold, Waterloo

Congress of Vienna (1815)
Balance of power, emphasized conservative rulers and policies, Quadruple Alliance, took back land, Metternich returned borders,

Romanticism
- challenged rational ways of viewing the world after Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
-DEFINITION: Romanticism acted as a balance to reason by emphasizing other means of knowing like intuition and imagination
- Individualism
- Rousseau forerunner of Romantic movement feelings passion improving self
- Emotional, imaginative exploration and spontaneity, nationalism
-LITERATURE: Grimm Brothers fairy tales and Frankenstein by Mary Shelly, POETS loved nature, ordinary objects VISUAL ARTS: display emotion, warmth, and movement
MUSIC: Beethoven

Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States

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