Reign of Sultan Mahmud II (1 janv. 1808 – 1 janv. 1839)

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His proposal for a new European-style army in 1826 brought him into conflict with the Janissaries. Mahmud had them massacred by troops loyal to the Sultan. This incident cleared the way for a series of reforms that unfolded during the last 13 years of his reign. By the time of his death the Ottoman Empire had shrunk in size, but was more manageable and stronger than it had been since the early 17th century

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