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August 1, 2025
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Sher Shah Sur 1540 - 1545 (1 mai 1540 – 31 déc. 1544)

Description:

Bahar Khan, awarded the title of Sher Khan to him for killing a tiger for services rendered.

His reign stretched from Bengal to the Indus, although it did not include Kashmir.
Abbas Khan Sarwani is the historian of Sher Shah.
Tough and unforgiving on crimes.
Restored the law and order.
Sher Shah restored the old imperial road called the Grand Trunk Road, from the river Indus in the west to Sonargaon in Bengal.

Built a Sarai (fortified lodging separate for Hindus and Muslims) at a distance of every two kos (about eight km) on these roads.
These were watched by Shahna (custodian).

Public welfare
Fixed custom duty
National highwaysGrand Trunk Road
Sonargoan to Attock
Agra to Mandu
Agra to Jodhpur-Chittor
Lahore to Multan
1700 sarais- rest houses
Use of spy
Firman delivery system
development into qasbahs or market
towns; using of sarais as stages for the
news service

- Standardization of currency
- Gold coin- Asharfi
- Silver coin –Rupiya
- Copper coin- Dam
- Exchange rate fixation
- Rupiya- 178 grains of silver

Goods manufactured in Bengal or imported from outside paid customs duty at the boundary of Bengal and Bihar at Sikrigali, and goods arriving from West and Central Asia paid customs duty at the Indus.


Central Administration:

• Sulthan is an autocratic monarch
• No prime minister
• Other department headed by Diwans.
• Code of conduct for the ministers
• Excessive centralisation.

Provincial Administration:

Division- Iqtas- headed by military governors

Sarkars, -
• Shiqdar-ishiqdaran (in-charge of law and order, general administration and criminal justice) and
• munsif-i-munsifan (in-charge of local revenue and civil justice).

By appointing two persons of equal rank at pargana and sarkar levels, Sher Shah divided the executive functions thus ensuring balance of power.


District level: Parganas under shiqdar (law and order, criminal justice, etc.) and munsif or amin (land revenue and civil justice)


Village level: Mauza controlled by Patwari.

Local village headmen (muqaddams) and zamindars liable for any losses incurred by the merchant on the roadways.


Revenue Administration:

• Zabti-i-har-sal (land assessment every year)
• Assessment of land revenue on the basis of measurement of land-
• patwari,
• Muqadam,
• Qanungo Gaz-i-sikandari,
○ use of rope- Jarib,
○ Bigha (60x60 Sqyd)

• Drawing up of schedules of crop rates on the basis of the quality of land.
• Classification- based on yield (good, bad and middling).
• Computation of the produce of three kinds of land and fixing 1/3rd of their average as the land revenue
• Issuing of pattas to the peasants and the acquisition of qabuliyalt from them.
• Qabuliyalt = deed agreement that promises land revenue to the state from the cultivator
• Patta is the document given to each cultivator by the state to manage their records of land revenue.
• Additionally, they need to pay certain cesses for the land. {two-and-half seers per bigha (unit of land) from the peasants for famine relief fund.}

• Elimination of middle man
• Advancing loans- taqqavi
• Warning to corrupt officials


Military:

• Huge army
• Lakhs of infantry and cavalry
• Dispensation of tribal levies
• Direct recruitment of soldiers
• Chahra = descriptive rolls of soldiers
• Dagh = branding of horses
• Khasa Kail = Personal royal force
• High position given to the Afghan youths Muslims from central Asia



Judicial Administraion:

• Law as per Islamic principles
• Personal laws applied as per customs
• Muqadam and chaudharies given power to investigate at local level
• Qazi- chief justice
• Sher shah: re-establishment of law and order
• His son, Islam Shah took a big step towards dispensation of justice as he codified the laws

Ajouté au bande de temps:

Date:

1 mai 1540
31 déc. 1544
~ 4 years and 8 months

Les images: