Establishment of the Juvenile Courts (1 janv. 1899 – 1 janv. 1920)

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As the Child-Saving Movement’s influence expanded, it included philanthropists (leaders included Julia Lathrop, a social reformer for education and child welfare; Jane Addams, established the profession of social work; and Lucy Flower, children’s advocate and major contributor to establishment of the juvenile courts), middle-class citizens, and professionals focused on motivating state legislatures to extend government interventions to save troubled children and adolescents. The movement was formally recognized through the establishment of the nation’s first juvenile court in Cook County (Chicago), Illinois, in 1899, an institution that was to act in loco parentis (in place of the parents).
The establishment of special courts and incarceration facilities for juveniles was part of Progressive Era reforms, along with kindergarten, child labor laws, mandatory education, school lunches, and vocational education, that were aimed at enhancing optimal child development in the industrial city (Schlossman, 1983). Reformers believed that treating children and adolescents as adult criminals was unnecessarily harsh and resulted in their corruption.

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