Industrial Revolutions (2 janv. 1760 – 1 janv. 1900)

Description:

Period of rapid developments in inventions and machinery that ultimately led to an improved economy, urbanization, a growing middle class and the rapid increase of capitalism.

Popular inventions:
*Steam engine (mining, machinery, trains)
*The telegraph
*The railroad
*Steam ships

Although there were many positive effects of the industrial revolutions, there were many negative ones as well: pollution, child labour, and poor treatment of workers. All these led to the rise of labour unions.


Great Britain:
○coal → Steam Engine → power
○Social Transformation = farmers ⇒ factory workers (leads to urbanization)

China:
Britain wanted China's tea, but China wanted nothing. When Linn orders all opium to be destroyed (main export from Britain), Britain retaliates by sending an ironclad battleship (the nemesis), blockading pearl river and seizing towns
○Chinese surrender, forced to open up to trade
○Paid for opium+war against them
○Hong Kong made a British colony
○Example of how powerful industrialization was

USA:
In America, south uses slaves and North uses factories
○In 1860, Lincoln is elected, causing the southerners to leave the union
○War between agricultural vs urban industrial society
○South winning→Lincoln freeing slaves in 1863
The emancipation Proclamation
○Salves join fight, while South struggle with inflation and shortages, winning the north the war

Free of slavery, US rushes to modernize and conquer

Japan:
○US navy comes to demand trade in 1853
○Seeing steamships, Japan accepts, but decides to modernize for the future
○Strip samurai privileges, leading to fight of old vs new
○After 7 months, Samurai led by Saigo Takamori, surrender (can't compete with rifles, artillery, steamships and railways)
○Modernizes quickly and successfully
○In 1905 navy destroys Russian fleet
○Never fully shook off Old Japan→ declare Saigo a national hero

Russia:
○Russia loses Crimean war to France and Britain
○Frees serfs in 1861, but with debts and fees
○Missed opportunity to gain power

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