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Anthropology Of Food
A été creé
Ffff
⟶ mise à jour avec succès 4 déc. 2018 ⟶
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Les événements
From New Guinea to India and Phillipines
"Saccharum officinarum L." first domesticated @ New Guinea
Alexander's general tasted Indian drinks - referred them as "saccharan" (greek) (similar to name of sugar cane - succharun officinarum L.) but that word isn't translatable to a sp substance (could be bamboo sugar aka "tabashir")
"Discourse on Moral Consciousness" = Hindu religious text = desc. boiling of juice -> molasses-> rolling balls of ff = ff = taffylike & luxury
Growing @ E Mediterranean ff beginning to be consumed and known by Euro but v little
- ff -> Venice (major re-exporter for Euro later) - ff cane grown @ N Africa, 7 Mediterranean islands Spain
Moors withdrew from S France and Toulouse and entrench selves behind Pyrenees (@border between Spain and France)
Spain = almost 100% Christian altho some still Islam bc Arab Expansion The spread of Islam = diffused v. NB crops = transport diverse cultural riches
Haiti Revolutionm therefore decrease @ prod and consum
Invention of of vertical 3 roller mill - powered by animals/ water - Invented by Pietro Speciale @ 1449 OR fr Peru -> Brazil @ 1603-1612 - Make Arab's systems = inrelevant
Sicilian industry = only prod enough to supp its domestic market, no longer flourishing
@1450 Madiera = leading supplier @ 1500s Canary Islands = ^ NB
Columbus was the 1st to carry ff -> the new world on his 2nd voyage, ff= from Canaries
Cane = 1st grown @ New World @ Santa Domigo (Spain) and shipped -> Euro Spain pioneered ff cane growing/ making, African slave labour and the plantation form
1st African slaves imported -> gold minds and ff indust
Gonzalo Vellosa imported ^ skill ff masters fr canaies -> Carribean = 1st step to creating authentic ff industry there - imported 2 vertical rollers By 1530s island = make 34 mil
Plantations = 150-200 slaves (common) = 500 slaves (rare)
@late 1700s - Tobacco dom New World market > ff - ff = price of tobacco X2 - Brit colonies prod > French
@ Early 1700s -Brit, Dutch, French estab Caribbean plantations -
Jamestown = 1st English colony @ New World - Didn't grow ff yet
Brit attain Barbados (by Captain John Powell)
- Brit invade Jamaica - St prod ff @ barbados - Brit dev las that controlled t he fl of unfinished goods fr colonies -> metropolis - Only nobility eats sugar
- Brit slowly take over Carribbean bc Spanish = weakened by raids and smuggling - Euro's naval wars - Fought the most, conq the most colonies, imported slaves and went the fastest/ furthest at dev of plantation syst - Port no longer the one supp most of Euro's ff fr Brazil - Eng dev own sources of ff fr: Barbados, Jamaica, etc. and learnt methods of prod ff fr the Dutch (used to have experiments by thwarted by Portugal)
Initially Brit prod ff to compete for ^ Euro market and supply to domestic After beaten Port and France, relinquish continental market so can suppl own needs
England dominated sugar imports (more than other countries combined)... did this by - v buying from Medi suppliers - ^ imports - ^ own colonies
ff = ^ used by the rich
England started to produce its own ff (before this produced @ 'low countries', stopped by Phillip II)
England = ^ NB @ refining Euro's ff
Brit & French start prod ff @ Caribbean because of the tobacco market = saturated
Périodes
The coast of W of the Indus Delta and the head of the Persian Gulf = centre of ff fabrication India made sugar in small quantities
Arab expanision -> W - estab settlements @ Baghdad - conq H Africa - occupy major pts of Euro - learn ^ techniques for Persians and Indians - ff making @ Egypt -> Mediterranean & Spain -Therefore Arabs intro to ff cult/making/taste - ff followed the Koran - Halt expansion at Poiters
Islam @ Medi - Prod ff @ summer, altering the round of the agri year - Exp of prod -> N & S - @ N = danger of frost, therefore, there was a shorter growing season, ^ labour req and a lower yield (counted vs them later) - @S = low rainfall therefore high labour req for irrigation - ff prod = ^ challenges (weather, maturation t 12m, req ^H2O and lab) - Invested in irrig and H2O conserv - Collected tech from Persia (e.g. water screw, bucket wheel, qanat = underground integration) - Innovations need proper us
LATE 16TH - Prod @ New World = st to dominate - Therefore prod @ India = ceased - BC Euro got a taste for ff so acq Atlantic Islands
- Venice st ff indust - v Medi indust bc competit btw them and Spain/Morrocco, war, plague -Crete, Cyprus, Egypt = contin prod ff but only enough for the domestic market - Dev of indust by Portuguse and Spanish @ Atlantic islands - ff still = luxury, medi and spice @ W Euro, ^ desire -Led to estab of plantations @ Atlantic that used african labour, under Euro settler's authority, prod ff for Portugal and Euro markets - Enable Port and Spain to control S Atlantic and Eruo trade
15th - ^ prod @ Sicily, Spain and Morroco - v prod @ Mediterranean - ff still luxury but v rare, ^ demand - Port & Spain's experiments @ Atlantic made them want to seize more colonies (Spain = Canaries, Port = Sao Tome) - Used slave labour
- Black Death, therefire ^ prices @ lab gods - War, plauges and v pop -> v ff industries @ Crete and Cyprus - ^ Use of slave labour to compensate for lack of labour
17TH - Spain v ff prod BUT contin prod @ S -^ lab - free wage laboureres who were paid partly, ^ of them = specialists or temp workers @Canaries - Used old world methods - Share produce with owners and workers - Their system = dev @ Late Medival N Italy - ff -> common food - ^ ind Eng colonies > French/ Dutch
CRUSADES - ^ fam with ff @ Euro - Crusaders learnt more about ff @ 1st crusade (1096-99) = taught W Euro about ff, support the prod of ff at conquered areas (e.g. Jerusalem) - @ Tripoli learnt about honey called "Zuchra" - Indust created by Arabs = v bc inferior local admin, therefore inefficient lab allocation or irrig AND bc of Christian - Euro st -> consumers and prod of ff
16TH - Spanish's early achievements @ Santo Domino (doomed to fail) and Carribbean - Spain didn't have enough skill and wasn't ready for the demand to succeed in Santo Domino - too little man power for gold mines AND plantations, v aboriginal labour ^ likely to be African lab Problems with the Spanish - Too obsessed with metal riches > ff - ^ authoritarian control by crown @ private owned enterprises - v cap for investment - Colonialists ignored the NB of manual labour - Initially Caribbean = station and fo
@ early 1700s - mid 19th - ^ ff prod bc ^ consum by westerners - ^ prod rather than try to ^ yield/ ^ productivity of workers, thus v technological developments
MERCANTILISM - Guaranteed Birt's suppl of trop prod and their profit off processing/ re-exporting - =/= buy finished goods elsewhere, colonies we're allowed to sell raw materials to anyone but the mother country, - Protects planters and factory owners from foreign prod of ff/ finished goods - v position of planter classes after they ^ of power - ^ position of industrial capitalists - System started to jepodise domestic supply