30 avr. 2003 - Road map for peace

Description:

The Roadmap for Peace was a plan proposed by the Quartet on the Middle East—comprising the United States, the European Union, Russia, and the United Nations—to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Drafted by U.S. Foreign Service Officer Donald Blome and outlined by U.S. President George W. Bush on June 24, 2002, the plan aimed for an independent Palestinian state coexisting peacefully with Israel. The final text was released on April 30, 2003. However, it reached a deadlock early in Phase I and was never implemented.

Background: The Second Intifada, starting in September 2000, escalated violence between Israelis and Palestinians. In response to Palestinian suicide attacks, Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield in March 2002, destroying much of the Palestinian public administration. The Quartet tried to save the peace process against the backdrop of Bush’s War on Terror post-9/11.

Development: The Roadmap was based on Bush’s June 24, 2002 speech. A draft version was published on November 14, 2002, and the final text on April 30, 2003, after Sharon's re-election and the nomination of Mahmoud Abbas as Palestinian prime minister. Bush clarified the plan was developed by the U.S., not the Quartet.

The Plan: Described as a "performance-based and goal-driven roadmap," it outlined:

Ending violence.
Halting settlement activity.
Reforming Palestinian institutions.
Accepting Israel's right to exist.
Establishing a viable, sovereign Palestinian state.
Reaching a final settlement by 2005.
Phases:

Phase I (May 2003): Mutual recognition, ceasefire, political-institutional reform, elections, Israeli withdrawal to September 2000 positions, and a freeze on settlement expansion.
Phase II (June-December 2003): International summit, Palestinian state with provisional borders, and multilateral engagement on key issues.
Phase III (2004-2005): Second international conference, final status agreement, resolution of borders, Jerusalem, refugees, and settlements, and peace agreements with Arab states.
Sharon's Rejection: On May 12, 2003, Sharon stated a settlement freeze was "impossible." Israel accepted the plan with 14 reservations, including dismantling Palestinian security organizations, cessation of violence, and no progress to Phase II without Palestinian reforms. Israel demanded a provisional state under Israeli control.

Deadlock: The appointment of Abbas as Palestinian prime minister on March 19, 2003, was the first step. Despite the publication of the Roadmap, violence continued. A temporary ceasefire (hudna) was declared on June 29, 2003, but collapsed due to ongoing violence and Israeli military actions.

Stalemate: By the end of 2003, the requirements of Phase I were unmet. Both sides failed to fulfill their obligations, leading to a deadlock.

Developments in 2004: Continued mutual violence overshadowed the peace process. Sharon announced a unilateral disengagement plan, supported by Bush, marking a shift in U.S. policy towards accepting existing major Israeli settlements.

2005 and Beyond: Attempts to reinvigorate the peace process at the Sharm el-Sheikh Summit and Annapolis Conference did not yield results. The peace process collapsed entirely after Israel’s Operation Cast Lead in Gaza in December 2008.

Conclusion: The Roadmap for Peace fell into the background post-Bush administration. Key unresolved issues remained, including the status of the occupied territories, settlement expansion, Palestinian terrorism, and Israel's final borders.

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