14 févr. 660 - Mu'awiya proclaimed Caliph of Jerusalem

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Mu'awiya was an Umayyad leader, and his proclamation as leader directly challenged Ali's position. This event helped facilitate the division between the Muslims because many people were on either side of the debate and this move showed that the Umayyads wanted power and were clearly going to challenge anyone who was in their way. A year later, Ali was assassinated and Ali's son was pressured by the Umayyads to renounce his claims to the caliphate.