Revolutions in Italy (6 Jan 1831 Jahr – 11 Sept 1832 Jahr)

Beschreibung:

In Modena, Enrico Misley (a law graduate) revealed plans for uniting Italy to Duke Francis IV, trusting Francis IV to not arrest him. Unfortunately, Misley was arrested in February, 1831. Duke Francis IV went to Vienna to negotiate for Austrian help, in the future, but during his absence revolutionaries overtook Modena and set up a provisional government. Encouraged, students in Parma rioted to demand a constitution from their ruler, Duchess Marie-Louise. After she fled, a provisional government was established by the students and they got into contact with the one in Modena, appointing a joint army commander. Unfortunately, a month later - too soon for anyone to organize - Duke Francis IV returned with Austrian forces and defeated the revolutionaries. Parma was occupied by Austrians and Marie-Louise returned.
In the Papal States, resenting the oppressive Church authorities, people revolted and the papal government didn’t resist much. In Bologna, February 1831, a provisional government was formed, called The Government of the Italian Provinces. Austrian forces then overthrew the government and suppressed other, smaller uprisings from 1831-1832.
The revolutions had initial success due to the cowardice of the rulers, many of whom recalled the French Revolution and simply fled. Unfortunately, the revolutionaries failed to organize properly. They also failed to communicate between one another and to cooperate; additionally, the revolutionaries were mostly middle-class, and failed to incite mass support. This made them easy pickings for the Austrian army.

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