Numbered Treaties (Treaties 1-10) (3 Aug 1871 Jahr – 1 Aug 1907 Jahr)

Beschreibung:

The Numbered Treaties were a series of treaties between the First Nations and the British Crown. There were 11 in total, but only 10 in this time period. The treaties between the 2 parties were about land. The First Nations would give the Crown some of their land for various things including special rights to their treaty lands, cash payments, tools for hunting, fishing, & farming. The Crown wanted the land for settlement, and industrial business. The land that these Numbered Treaties covered was from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains to the Beaufort Sea. Treaty #1 was signed in 1871, it was signed between Canada and the Anishinabek and Swampy Cree First Nations. The First Nations were promised 160 acres for every family of 5 people, and areas of land proportionate to that for each family bigger or smaller. Every single person, no matter if they were an adult or child, was promised a gratuity of $3, and an annuity of $15 for each family of 5 (again, proportionate to that for each family bigger or smaller). The government also guaranteed that every reserve would have a school, and that sale of liquor would be prohibited on the reserves. Treaty #2 was signed in 1871 as well, but this time just between Canada and the Anishinabek. The promises of Treaty #2 mirrored those of Treaty #1 in terms of land, gratuities & annuities, schools, and prohibition of liquor sales. Since the First Nations weren't too familiar with the terms that they signed upon, they misunderstood what they were agreeing to, and really got the short end of the stick. Treaty #3 was signed in 1873, this treaty was between the Saulteaux (part of the Ojibwe people) and Canada. Another name that Treaty #3 goes by is the North-West Angle Treaty. The First Nations agreeing to Treaty #3 were promised varying goods, special rights for hunting, fishing, and natural resources on reserves. They were also promised funding for specific farm tools, and for weapons. They were also promised a gratuity of $12 per every family of 5. Treaty #4 was signed in 1874, between Cree, Saulteaux, Assiniboine people, and Canada. Another name that Treaty #4 goes by is the Qu'Appelle Treaty, as it was signed at Fort Qu'Appelle in Saskatchewan. The leaders of each band said that they were willing to agree to the terms that the Saulteaux of Treaty #3 had agreed to, and the commissioners from Canada accepted this offer. Treaty #5 was signed in 1875, between the Ojibwa, the Swampy Cree, and the Government of Canada. Another name that Treaty #5 goes by is the Winnipeg Treaty, as it was signed by the First Nations of the Lake Winnipeg area. The First Nations were promised reserve lands for themselves for hunting, trapping, and fishing, although the treaty also added that the government could use these lands themselves if they decided to but they would have to compensate the First Nations that were on these reserves if they did. They were also promised schools for the reserves, controlled liquor sale, annuities for each person ($5 for every person, $15 for every band leader, $25 for every chief), and gifts like flags, tools, clothing, medals, and funding for ammunition and twine. Treaty #6 was signed in 1876 between the Cree, Assiniboine, Ojibwa, and Crown representatives at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan in August, and at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan in September. The First Nations at Fort Carlton were promised similar rights & provisions that the other First Nations had been promised in Treaties 1-5, a medicine chest, more agricultural factors, and a “famine and pestilence” clause. The First Nations at Fort Pitt decided that they liked the terms that the First Nations at Fort Carlton had agreed to, so they signed to those terms as well. Treaty #7 - also known as The Blackfoot Treaty - was signed in 1877 between the Plains First Nations and the Government of Canada. The treaty had been misinterpreted by the First Nations, which lead to the mistake of them signing the treaty. They thought that the main purpose of the treaty was to be a peace treaty, one where they allowed others to settle in on their land and live peacefully amongst each other for some promises. Nobody knew that the Government really intended it to be that the First Nations would surrender their land to Canada. The main reasons for this poor interpretation revolve around the cultural differences between the First Nations & the Canadians, and the poor translating skills of the inexperienced interpreters. The First Nations were promised 6.47 km² of land for each family of 5, along with buffalo protection laws, the end of whiskey forts, and support from the government for the First Nations to switch to agriculture. Every adult and child was also granted a $12 gratuity, every chief was granted a $25 annuity, every minor chief and councillor granted a $15 annuity, and a $5 annuity for every other person. Chiefs were also promised a Winchester rifle each, and head chiefs & Stoney chiefs would receive medals and flags as a commemoration of the treaty. Chiefs and councillors were also promised new clothing once every 3 years. The reserve teachers were also guaranteed pay, and the First Nations were promised $2,000 of ammunition every single year. Alongside that, the First Nations were promised tools by the government which included axes and handsaws for wood. Each family was promised cattle which was based on the family size. For a family of 5, they would receive 2 cattle. For a family of 6-10, they would receive 3 cattle. For a family of 10+, they would get 4 cattle. Each chief was also promised a bull. The Siksika, Tsuut’ina and Kainai nations were given a shared reserve which was at Crow's Creek. The Stoney-Nakoda were given a reserve near the Methodist mission, which was in Morleyville. Treaty #8 was signed in 1899 between the First Nations of the Lesser Slave Lake area and the British Crown. The promises that this treaty had for the First Nations were that the elderly and the poor would be taken care of by the Canadians, medical care was to be provided for the First Nations, and that no one would try to interfere with their way of life. The First Nations also made sure that it was guaranteed that they could hunt, trap, and fish at every area visited by the commissioners. Each family was promised a reserve of land (2.6 km² for every family of 5, and other families would receive areas of land proportionate to that for each family that was either bigger or smaller). First Nations were also promised gratuities and annuities. Gratuities of $32 for all the First Nation chiefs, $22 for all the headmen, and $12 for everybody else. The annuities were set at $25 for all the chiefs, $15 for headmen, and $5 for everybody else. The salaries of all the teachers were also discussed in the treaty. Livestock & agricultural implements were promised to be provided for groups who were interested and who had reserves, and if some First Nations wanted to ranch, they would be provided cattle. For those who wished to hunt & fish, ammunition and fishing twine were promised for each head of the family. Treaty #9, signed in 1905-1906 was between the Cree, Ojibwa, and Canada. It is also known as the James Bay Treaty. The First Nations were promised $8 in gratuities, and $4 in annuities. Every chief would also receive a Union Jack flag and a personal copy of the treaty. The treaty also promised they would pay the salaries of the teachers, the process of building the school, and all the educational tools needed for school. Like in Treaty #8, each family was promised a reserve that was 2.6 km² for every family of 5, and rights to hunt, trap, and fish with regulations set by the government. Treaty #10 was signed in 1906-1907 between the Canadian government and the Indigenous people of northern Saskatchewan and Alberta. The First Nations were offered either reserves for each family (2.6 km² for every family of 5), or land in severalty which would be areas of land for First Nation families or even individuals to live that were not on the reserves (160 acres per person). Once again, First Nations had permission to hunt, trap, and fish, but only by the government's rules. Chiefs & headmen were given suits of clothing, medallions, and flags. Of course, the First Nations also received gratuities & annuities, as with every other treaty that came before this one. Every chief got $32, every headman $22, and $12 for everyone else. Every year after that, the payment per person would decrease.

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