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History of Architecture
My Inevitable Death
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⟶ Wurde aktualisiert 19 Jan 2018 ⟶
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Ereignisse
Excavated Mammoth Bone Hut (Vernicular) - Mezhirich, Ukraine
Jericho (Modern-day Palestine) Founded - Natufian Hunter-Gatherers
Agriculture + Farming Introduced
Çatalhöyük (Anatolia, Turkey) Founded - Up to 3,000 people
Uruk (Modern-day Iraq) Founded - West Anu + East Ianna, at least 50,000 people 'The Epic of Gilgamesh' - First Literary Work
The Achaemenid Empire Founded by Cyrus the Great
Greek Empire Controlled the Aegean Sea coast; Greco-Persian Wars
The Re-building of Acropolis, Athens All temples (except the Erechteion) are strictly symmetrical, but site not forced into a rectangle Based on 'Fake Symmetry'/'Asymmetrical Balance'
The Macedon Empire - Alexander the Great's Hellinisation
Al Khazneh, Petra, Jordan (c1, Hellinisation)
Buddhist Temple, Sanchi, MadhyaPradesh, India (c5, Hellinisation)
Roman Empire at its Largest under Emperor Trajan
Pont du Gard, France (Aqueduct) - Romans needed infrastructre
The Pantheon, Rome, Rebuilt by Emperor Hadrian as his audience room with an opening in the hidden rotunda and dome Largest column-free space in a building
The Arch of Titus by Domition to honour his brother (Triumphal Arch) White marble from Mt. Pentelicus like in the Parthenon Celebrating an attack on Jewish identity
Hadrian's Wall, near Newcastle Aimed to pacify and fortify, not expand
Hadrian's Death + Burial in his Mausoleum, Rome
The Byzantine Empire (previously Eastern Rome before c5) at its largest under Justinian the Great
Ottoman Empire conquers Constantinople, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire, turning the Hagia Sophia into a major Mosque model
Mausoleum of Theodoric,Ravenna, Italy Entire roof made of single 10m d, 300T stone from Istria (across the Adreatic Sea)
Theodoric rules over Italy driven by the desire to restore Rome to its former Imperial glory
Palatine Chapel, Aachen, the centerpiece of Charlemagne's palace complex Highly complex geometrical shapes eg. Octagonal dome, but miniscule overall
Durham Cathedral (Gothic/Romanesque) Britain's best Romanesque Church, straight after the Norman conquest The nave has characteristic alteration of columns and piers; revived interest in Architectural effect with slight reminders of Rome eg. columns with basic capitals
Pope Urban II calls for the first Crusade and Barbarian invasion of the Islamic world,installing a European, Christian King in Jerusalem Invaders brought back Architectural inspiration; model for Cathedrals from Islamic pointed arches
One-point linear perspective Art introduced by Filippo Brunelleschi in Renaissance Art
Basilica of Sant' Andrea, Mantova Rigorously proportioned + balance between exterior and interior; opposite to Gothic shock-effect
Tempietto (Donato Bramante, Florence) Fullest expression of ideas of order and proportion here Completely adjusted to human proportions, like the Pazzi Chapel
St Peter's Basilica, Rome, by Pope Julius II, based on initial plan by Bramante
Palazzio Valmarana, Vimcenza, by Andrea Palladio 'Giant Order' superimposed on Corinthian order; centralised facade composition Mannerist complexity; giant order gives depth and structure
Villa Rotunda, Vinceza, by Andrea Palladio The front is similar to that of a High Renaissance building; ordered and simple, but it has 4 identical main fronts as a play on perspective and a solution for the ideal of symmetry
Fontana di Trevi (Baroque) by Nicola Salvi Nature depicted 'coming alive' eg. St Peters
The Society of Dilattanti Founded - interest in antiquety and classical Architecture encouraged visits to Rome + the first people to draw what they saw realistically eg. The Pantheon, London by James Wyatt: asymmetrical placing of 2 symmetrical parts; making use of the irregular site + 'occulus' as a reminder of the original Pantheon in Rome Its main interior insporation was the Hagia Sophia
Napoleon's French Empire - French culture spread with wars; by early c19, Neoclassiciam dominated Architecture in Europe and beyond eg. Capitol, Wasington DC Neoclassicism based on tedious formulae; creative Architects sought more; Gothic-Revival in England + France eg. Saint Chapelle, Paris, restored by Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc
Egs. of Historicism/Eclecism (mid c19): (German) Karl Friedrich Schinkel designed Neoclassical eg. Neue Wache, but also Gothic-Revival eg. Werdersche Kirche, Berlin (Bavarian) Leo von Klenze designed Neoclassical eg. Walhalla, Munich, but also Neo-Renaissance eg. Alte Pinakotek (German) Gottfried Semper designed Neo-Renaissance eg. ETH, Zurich, but also Neo-Baroque eg. Semperoper, Dresden
Yurts (Vernicular): Foldable, lightweight structures covered in sheep-wool, felt fabric and animal skins, used by Mongolian nomads
Dogon - Civilization living in a remote region of West Africa for 100s of years into c21 largely un-modernised, Farmers growing enough food to support themselves, produce no sufficient surplus for trade relations Region bisected by the Bandiagara Escarpment (high cliff), living in small houses clustered in villages with Family homes: windowless houses with flat roofs, curved kitchen, often double-story, and Granary towers, seemingly more important (fear of starvation stronger)...
Except: eg. The house of the Hogon, the elected spiritual leader of the village; larger, more complex + decorated entrance Meeting area with low roof to prevent physical fights
Perioden
(Early c15) Vitruvius's 'De Architectura' rediscovered; Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas
Classical Architecture - Late c20/Early c21: (Dome) Reichstag, Berlin, Norman Foster (Arch) Grande Arche de la Defense, Paris, Johann Otto von Spreckelsen (Pillars) LiMo, Marback, David Chipperfield
The Building of Persepolis, near modern-day Shiraz, Iran by Acheamnid Emperors Consistent Regularity, but no overall compositional principle
The Building of the Parthenon, Athens
The Colesseum (The Flavian Ampitheatre), Rome, by the Flavic Dynasty Emperors Vespacian, Titus, and Domician Greek-derived decorative weight non-bearing columns (so slimmer + taller) as well as structural arches
Roman Empire invaded by Germanic tribes, dismantling the Western part, and eventually marking the end of the Classical Age The Eastern part, then becoming the Byzantine Empire, persisted throughout the Middle Ages
Hadrian's Pantheon's bronze ceiling panels melted by the Pope for his Castel Sant' Angelo cannons
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (now Istanbul) as a Church under Justinian
Rapid Spread of Islam under the Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Mosque, Damascus after taking it from the Byzantine Empire and making it their capital
Sultan Ahmed Mosque 'Blue Mosque' under Ottoman rule Almost square; less could be closer to the Qibla wall; less functional than, say, the Umayyad Mosque
Charlemagne was the first since the Romans to unite much of western Europe Defender of Christianity; named himself the 'Holy Roman Emperor'
Escomb Church, County Durham The British Isles were cut-off from trade and cultural exchange; no desire for monumental Architecture, only small-scale possessions eg. the Lindisfarne Gospel at the same time
Basilica of Saint-Denis (Nave reconstructed in c13) High, light-flooded spaces (Abbot Suger) Pointed arches drop their thrust more vertically; reach greater height than rounded arches Ribbed vaults made it easier to construct vaults (no centring needed) Clustered columns enable one column to support ribs in different directions with more free space More control over pointed arch width and height
Early c13: Sudden competition to rebuild Cathedrals in France Chartres: Floor-plan resembling the Holy Cross, lateral thrust carried by flying buttresses allowing for clerestory windows, drawing attention to the sky (and God) Bourges: No transepts (so rectangular); more unifying interior Flying buttresses carry the lateral loads + clustered columns and stained glass and sculptures
Amiens: Has transepts, intricate rose window (competing sculptors) The city was minuscule and the Cathedral titanic; symbolism of God's domination As much window as possible; load bearing structure reduced to only bare minimum of skeleton, high vaults supported by slender columns Beauvais: Highest vault, too high as it kept collapsing, remains unfinished with props to hold it up The Cathedral of Laon: Was to have 7 towers with spires; only 4.5 built with no spires (Gothic = over-ambition)
Parler family (originally German) built Gothic Cathedrals in Europe
Romanesque
Gothic
Krak des Chevaliers, Syria Built elevated and walled to be unconquerable
Thornton Abbey Gatehouse, Lincolnshire; symbolic rather than functional (mix of Gothic + military)
Decline of power of Papacy and Roman Empire; powerful families try to fill the power gap
Humanism by Dante, Petrarca, and Boccaccio to revive morality from ancient Greek and Roman times Leon Battista Alberti - the potential of people was limitless; contrary Renaissance idea to Medieval belief that we are at the mercy of a divine power
Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence, by Filippo Brunelleschi has classical reappearances eg. columns, arches, arcades Carefully proportioned; column height = distance between them = width of bay
Palazzo Medici (for rich Medici bankers) by Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, Florence Heavily fortified but has classical elements like evenly spaced arches, windows etc + Formal differentiation of its 3 stories; Rusticated stone, smooth but clearly outlined, then ashlar stonework with barely visible outlines
The High Renaissance - Instigated by Pope Julius II to transform his Papacy into a secular power
Palazzio Te, Mantova, by Guilio Romano A bold example of Mannerism - when a style becomes too perfect that people start taking calculated liberties Unlike earlier Renaissance buildings, it is not easily comprehended with its strong, horizontal emphasis of the facade due to over-prominent entablature 'cutting' through the columns + irregular arcades The courtyard facade has classical elements but in an odd order eg. the regular central triangular pediment is squeezed by architrave with larger columns
Ingio Jones - the first and most significant follower of Palladin in England, with egs. such as his Palladin style Banqueting House and Queen's House in London
Baroque (Main Architect: Borromini)
Modern Baroque Architecture: Ben van Berkel's REMU substation, Holland Maastricht Fire Station by Neutelings Architects resembling a tire
The Louvre by Claude Perrault, inspired by Rationalism; typical arrangement of a Renaissance palace with a prominent centre and 2 lateral pavillions The formal expression emphasizes the unity of the facade; no break in landscape or contour (Baroque) but strict in regularity
Church of Sainte Genevieve (Pantheon), Paris, by Jacques - Germain Soufflot illustrates the basic structural requirements (including its interior) expressed in Marc - Antoine Laugier's 'Primitive Hut'
Neoclassicism - based on mathematical rules and formulae eg. Place de la Concorde, Paris by Jaque-Ange Gabriel
Durand's written work (catalogue of calculated plans and elevations) became the standard training material for Architects in France and abroad Eg. Palace of Justice (French Neoclassicism), Lyon by Louis - Pierre Baltard Rondelet and Durand's works reduced Architecture to structure and geometry; foundation if the first Architectural school: Ecole des Beaus-Arts
(Gothic-Revival in England + France): Elsewhere... Neither Gothic nor Classical seemed appropriate; eg. Heinrich Hubsch (Germany) promoted 'Rundbogenstil' ('round-arch style'); a revival of Romanesque which was used in the Middle Ages by German Emperors when controlling much of Europe This eventually turns into Historicism/Eclectism (where numerous styles are acceptable)
Hectic Eclectic eg: Opera deParis by Charles Garnier: A mixture of different styles rather than picking a favourite; stylistic confusion and formal excess/'anything-goes' mentality Garnier incorporated Neo-Baroque into the building's Classically ordered facade + aBaroque interior serving as a 'stage'; visitors are both actors and audience; hectic
The Anasazi - One of 4 major civilisations in Southwest America Boundaries between traditions are blurry and often correspond with topographical features like the Grand Canyon, their area marked by flat, sometimes wooded but mostly arid plateaus intersected by deep and steep canyons Originally lived in 1 of 2 buildings: ...
Pit-houses: partly/completely dug They had little exposure so offered protection from wind and weather, but were vulnerable; the access was through a hole in the roof which doubled as a smoke hole, or: Jacals: very simple huts of slender timber stilts tied together and either filled out with mud, clay and grasses, or clad with rough adobe bricks.
Anasazi went through a period of milderweather; longer-term agriculture; rapid population growth +2 new building types: cliff dwellings, and ‘great houses’; reflects the emergence of stable communities they often occupied natural caves (Alcoves) + attached wooden beams to make multi-story apartment blocks/made use of overhangs...
Kivas (imporant part) were circular underground spaces used for religious + social gatherings built a road network radiating from Chaco Canyon for material transport for their complex (of multi-purpose spaces, mainly not specialised)