Timeline of the Development of Psychology
Category: Andere
Wurde aktualisiert: 20 Okt 2017
History of Psychology from the ancient period thru the modern times.
Theories of Personality, Abnormal Psychology, Industrial/Organizational Psychology, Psychological Testing and Assessment
Autoren
Created byYhummhie Sarabia- Baldonaza
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Ereignisse
Early forms of testing
Chinese Civil Service Exam started
--} initiated during Han Dynasty
--} screening of applicant for empirial positionsEarly forms of testing
Revision of Chinese Civil Service exam
--} contents has become more elaborateEarly forms of testing/Theories of Personality
Physiognomy
Aristotle
--} traits can be determined from appearanceEarly forms of testing/Theories of Personality
Physiognomy
Johan Lavatar
--} essays on physiognomy
--} drawings of physical characteristicsEarly form of testing in Europe
Phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall
--} german physician
--} different areas of the brain govern traits
--} development of areas causes bumps in the
skullEarly form of testing in America
Phrenology
Johann Spurzheim
--} student of gall
--} popularized phrenology in America, BritainEarly form of testing in America
Phrenology
Henry C. Lavery
--} american inventor
--} built the "Psychograph"
* automated phrenological measurements
* uses a rating scale
* created a profile of scores
--} measurement somewhat reliable but not validBrass Instrument Psychological Test Era
--} psychologist/psychiatrist use brass instrument to measure behavior
* time measurement
(chronoscope, chronograph, kymographs)
* time production instruments
(pendulums, gravity fall devices, clocwork
makers, multiple interval timers)
* response devices
(Morse telegraphic key, lip keys, voice keys)Brass Instrument Psychological Test Era in Europe
Wilhelm Wundt
--} german psychologist
--} experiments with thought meter
--} Father of Modern PsychologyBrass Instrument Psychological Test Era in Europe
Wilhelm Wundt
--} founded first psychology laboratoryBrass Instrument Psychological Test Era in Europe
Francis Galton
--} english polymath
--} built Anthropometric Laboratory
--} studied hereditary of intelligence
--} Founded EugenicsBrass Instrument Psychological Test Era in America
James Catell
--} american psychologist
--} studied with Wundt and Galton
--} supported Eugenics
--} Coined the term "mental test"Brass Instrument Psychological Test Era in America
Clark Wissler
--} american psychologist turned anthropologist
--} studied with cattell
--} studied correlation of ability, achievement scores
* there was no correlation between scores on
Cattell's IQ test and academic achievementEarly rating scales/Theories of Personality
Galen
--} greek physician
--} applied rating scale to humor theory of
personality
--} Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile, Black BileEarly rating scales/Theories of Personality
Christian Thomasius
--} german philosopher
--} developed a personality measure with four
scalesEarly Intelligence Testing
Jean-Etienne Dominique Esquirol
--} french psychiatrist
--} distinguished mental retardation from other mental illnessess
* retardation had early onset, life long
development
* illness had acute onset
--} emphasized verbal deficits in retardation
* laid groundwork for Binet's approach to
testing
--} coined "hallucination"Early Intelligence Testing
Alfred Binet
--} french psychologist
--} studied with J.M. Charcoat and Salpetriere
* diagnosis } mental illness
* treatment }
--} assistant at Sorbonne
* developed interest "individual psychology"
* published review or research
* argued for testing of intelligence
--} commissioned by the french government to
develop diagnostic test in childrenEarly Intelligence Testing
Henry Goddard
--} american psychologist, eugenicist
--} the Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of
Feeble-Mindedness
--} translated the Binet intelligence test into
english
--} introduced the term "moron"
--} testing of immigrants at Ellis Island
* threat of ethnic "contamination"
* less intelligent poor and immigrantEarly Intelligence Testing
Theodore Simon
--} french psychologist, psychometrician
--} developed testing scale with Binet
* emphasized verbal abilities
* differed from brass instruments tradition
* did not include a method of scoring
--} Binet-Simon Scale
* scale used by french school system
> screening for mental retardation
* popular among educators
* revised (1908, 1911)
> added concept of mental age levelsEarly Intelligence Testing
Lewis Terman
--} american psychologist
--} translated, revised Binet-Simon scale
--} Standford-Binet IQ
--} coined term "intelligent quotient" (IQ) testEarly Intelligence Testing
William Stern
--} german psychologist of jew descent
--} introduced the concept of the intelligence
quotient by dividing the developmental age by
the chronological ageEarly Intelligence Testing
Leta Hollingworth
--} american psychologist
--} psychology of women
* environmental reasons for gender
differences in ability, achievement
--} clinical psychology
--} educational psychology
* studied highly intelligent childrenEarly Intelligence Testing
--} Binet-Simon Scale
Measure of mental retardation
* revised (1908)Early Intelligence Testing
--} Binet-Simon Scale
Measure of mental retardation
* revised (1911) inclusion of mental age levelsEarly Intelligence Testing
--} revision of Standford-Binet
Measure of mental ability - intelligence
quotient
* developed norms of scoring
* suitable for children and adults
--} ratio model of intelligence
* IQ = (mental age)/(chronological age)x100Early Group Testing
Robert Yerkes
--} american psychologist
--} convinced army to test WWI recruits
* Army Alpha
> designed for average, high-funtioning
recruits
* Army Beta
> designed for immigrant, illiterate recruitsStructure of Mental Ability
Charles Spearman
--} english psychometrician
--} developed factor analysis
* analyze groups of test items
* patterns of correlation
--} two-factor model of intelligence
* S- specific factor
* g- general factorStructure of Mental Ability
Louis Leon Thurstone
--} american psychometrician
--} standardized mean and standard deviation
IQ
--} developed Thurstone scale
--} primary mental abilities
* word fluency
* verbal meaning
* perceptual speed
* spatial vizualization
* reasoning
* memoryStructure of Mental Ability
Aptitude Testing in WWII
--} need to test for specialized abilities
(aptitudes)
--} took advantage of factor analysis
* specialized aptitude batteries for flight
crewsStructure of Mental Ability
David Wechsler
--} american psychologist
--} worked with Spearman
--} tested recruits for WWII
--} developed Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence
Test
* verbal
* non-verbal (performance)Structure of Mental Ability
revision Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
--} deviation model of intelligence
* assumes intelligence is normally distributed
within age group
* mean = 100 SD = 15Structure of Mental Ability
revision Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS- IV)
--} currently 4th revisionStructure of Mental Ability
revision Stanford-Binet 5 (SB5)
--} currently 5th revisionStructure of Personality/Theories of Personality
Robert Woodworth
--} american psychologist, functionalist
--} developed the Woodworth Personal Data
Sheet
* simple questionnaire for neurotic
symptoms
* first personality test to assess the
emotional stability of a soldier PTSD
--} introduced Stimulus-Organism-ResponseStructure of Personality/Theories of Personality
Robert Gibbon Bernreuter
--} american psychologist
--} developed Bernreuter Personality Inventory
* first multi-scale personality questionnaire
* 125 yes or no question
> neurotic tendency
> self-sufficiency
> introversion-extroversion
> dominance-submission
> sociability
> confidenceStructure of Personality/Theories of Personality
Raymond Cattell
--} american psychologist
--} research on intrapersonal psychological
structure
* basic dimensions of personality and
temperament
* range of cognitive abilities
* dynamic dimension of motivation and
emotion
--} developed 16-Personality Factor
Questionnaire
* provide a measure of normal personality
--} constructed Culture Fair Intelligence Test
(CFIT-III) (3rd revision)Structure of Personality
revision 16 Personality Factor III (16 PF-III)
--} currently 3th revisionStructure of Personality
Starke Hathaway, J.C. McKinley
--} developed the Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI)
* designed as adult measure of
psychopathology and personality structureStructure of Mental Ability
revision Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-RF (MMPI-2-RF) restructured form
--} currently 4th revisionStructure of Personality
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
--} personality inventory that examines a person
Big Five personality
* openness to experience
* conscientiousness
* extraversion
* agreeableness
* neuroticism
--} developed by Costa and McCrae
--} currently 3th revisionStructure of Personality
revision NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-3)
--} currently 3rd revisionStructure of Personality
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)
--} psychological assessment tool to provide
information on personality traits and
psychopathology on the basis of DSM
--} developed by Theodore Millon
--} currently 4th revisionStructure of Personality
revision Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV)
--} currently 4th revision
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